\ $ |$  c^E"""W2@'; 6h TROS    TROS TROSTROS TROSTROS  !TROS "#$%TROS &'()TROS *+,-RSETR+RSETRSET|2^ ean country. Carcass dragging, feeding signs, and presence of tree and ground nests were common features of livestock depredation sites. Direct observation of cattle depredation by Andean bears was reported at 3 sites in Colombia and Ecuador. No seasonal or cyclic patterns of depredation were discerned, and evidence suggested that bearlivestock conflicts were restricted to particular sites and involved problem bears. The conservation of Andean bears requires research on rapid ways of dealing with problem bears, as well as mitigation techniques designed to reduce perceived and actual conflicts between bears and livestock. N *w?wPR  *w?wPR v *w?wPR ,Andean bear, Bolivia, Colombia, conflict, depred ation, Ecuador, livestock, management, Peru, spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus, Venezuelan *w?wPRRV *w?wPRRV *w?wPRRV 3582BBV cCarr, M. M., J. Yoshizaki, F. T. Van Manen, M. R. Pelton, O. C. Huygens, H. Hayashi, and M. MaekawacOA multi-scale assessment of habitat use by asiatic black bears in central JapanO Ursus2002131-9,agriculture, Asiatic black bear, forest management, habitat use, Japan, mast, national park, planted forest, Ursus thibetanus japonicus2902BB` .Hightower, D. A., R. O. Wagner, and R. M. Pace.IDenning ecology of female American black bears in south central LouisianaI Ursus20021311-17,qAmerican black nbear, denning, litter size, location constancy, Louisiana, reproduction, Ursus americanus luteolusq2912BBj BPodruzny, S. R., S. Cherry, C. C. Schwartz, and L. A. LandenburgerBVGrizzly bear denning and potential conflict areas in the greater Yellowstone ecosystemV Ursus20027N~Obj EC:\PROGRAM FILES\PROCITE4\Styles\ANSI-American National Standards.posTimes New Roman Reference List. Obj )Obj x Record NumberAuthorTitleTDate,Volume@WorkformSTR#STR#aanthellalelesEPUDTRSLDOMS6lAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlDOMSAlAlAlAlADOMS6lAlAlAlAlAZElAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlAlDOMSAlAlAlAlATROS6,1TTROS&,TROSTROSRSETR+RSETRSETSETR+RSETRSET}cI+W AmAAmA)BARNES, JR., VICTOR G.//SMITH, ROGER B.//):ESTIMATES OF BROWN BEAR ABUNDANCE ON KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA: Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1995101-9*During 1987-94 we used capture-mark-resight (CMR) methodology and rates of observation (bears/hour and bears/100 km2) Of unmarked brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) during intensive aerial surveys (IAS) to estimate abundance of brown bears on Kodiak Island and to establish a baseline for monitoring population trends. CMR estimates were obtained on 3 study areas; density ranged from 216-234 bears/1,000 km2 for independent animals and 292-342 bears/1,000 km2 including dependent offspring. Rates of observation during IAS ranged from 1.4-5.4 independent bears/hour and 2.9-18.0 independent bears/100 km2 . Density estimates for independent bears on each IAS area were obtained by dividing mean number of bears observed during replicate surveys by estimated sightability (based on CMR-derived sightability in areas with similar habitat). Brown bear abundance on 21 geographic units of Kodiak Island and 3 nearby islands was estimated by extrapolation from CMR and IAS data, using comparisons of habitat characteristics and sport harvest information. Population estimates for independent and total bears were 1,800 and 2,600. The CMR and IAS procedures offer alternative means, depending on management o mA mAQ HMcCrory, Wayne P.//Herrero, Stephen M.//Jones, Greg W.//Mallam, Erica D.HHThe role of the B.C. provincial park system in grizzly bear preservationH Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1990811-16*The role of the large provincial park system in British Columbia (B.C.) in protecting grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) populations, range and ecological variation was ^N~4 Ys^*w?wPRH*w?wPRH3792TEQZET9Gary J. Galbreath, Colin P. Groves, and Lisette P. Waits9SGenetic resolution of composition and phylogenetic placement of the Isabelline BearS Ursus  (2007)2007181*<We sequenced part of the mitochondrial control region of 2 Himalayan Ursus arctos isabellinus individuals and compared it with that of other U. arctos. Results indicate that the valid allopatric subspecies U. a. isabellinus represents an ancient clade and includes the Gobi bear of Mongolia as a relict population. E*w?wPR.*w?wPR./*w?wPR. *w?wPR.9*w?wPR.*w?wPR.\*w?wPR.,,Gobi bear, Ursidae, Ursus arctos isabellinus*w?wPR*w?wPR3792PR' *w?wPR'3792opes, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctosG*w?wPR'*w?wPR'*w?wPR' *w?wPR'3792opes, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctosG*w?wPR'*w?wPR'*w?wPR' *w?wPR'3792opes, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctosG*w?wPR'*w?wPR'*w?wPR' *w?wPR'3792opes, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctosG*w?wPR'*w?wPR'*w?wPR' *w?wPR'3792*w?wPR62uriM>?op  4<D LT\d l t |       !#$# ,%4% <%D&L&T(\)d*l+t,|-- -./011 2345679;<= ?AB$C,D4F<G DJLKTL\MdNlOtP|RSUU VXX Z[\^_`abcee fhi$k,l4n<oDpLqTs\tdulwtw |{{ }~  $,4<DLT\dlt| $, 4< DLTdzpf\RH>4*  vlbXND:0&|rh^TJ@6,"xndZPF<2( ~tj`VLB8.$zpf\RH>4*  vlbXND:0& <600 ha protected by provincial parks. B.C. parks support about 6% of the provincial grizzly population, contribute 5.6% of grizzly range, and represent about 1/3 of the 45 distinct landscapes in grizzly range, thus protecting ecological diversity. Nationally, B.C. provincial parks contribute about 27.5% of the total area of Canada's protected grizzly range and about 39% of the protected population. Internationally, B.C. provincial parks preserve grizzly bears in 2 unique global biogeographical provinces and contribute to 2 important Canadian-U.S. protected grizzly regions. Preliminary minimum viable population analysis showed that no B.C. provincial park is large enough to support the number of grizzly bears (393) considered necessary for long-term survival of genetic in-breeding and catastrophes should park populations become further isolated. Preservation of B.C.'s valuable grizzly bear resource therefore depends on sound management of large ecological systems that include large cores of protected wilderness and adjoining multiple-use lands. A comprehensive management program is recommended. d3 x Bz'K~'K 3 x Bz'K~'K )3 x Bz'K~'K10 mA mAQ(Sorensen, O. J.//Overskaug, K.//Kvam, T.(*Status of the brown bear in Norway 1983-86* Int. Conf. Bear Res and Manage.1990817-23*During 1983-1986 we conduing multiple-use lands. A comprehensive management program is recommended. d3 x Bz'K~'K 3 x Bz'K~'K )3 x Bz'K~'K10 mA mAQ(Sorensen, O. J.//Overskaug, K.//Kvam, T.(*Status of the brown bear in Norway 1983-86* Int. Conf. Bear Res and Manage.1990817-23*During 1983-1986 we conduN~ M4Dcted brown bear (Ursus arctos) surveys in Norway to determine bear distribution and abundance for comparison with similar work conducted in 1978-82 by Kolstad et al. (1984, 1986). Minimum number of bears was evaluated for each area. The estimated Norwegian bear population was 102-153 bears, including at least 20 reproductive females. The distribution pattern in the northern counties of Norway was similar to that found earlier, with a stable or increasing population. The distribution pattern in southern counties sharply contrasted that of the 1978-82 report, indicating either a decreasing population or 1978-1982 estimates that were too optimistic. Bear management plans were proposed in 1988 partly based on a definition of "viable population" as a population with a <15% chance of being reduced within 20 years. The viability of the different bear populations in Norway is discussed based on the minimum estimated number of females. No population fulfills the above definition. Future management should consequently be very restrictive to secure the small and scattered bear population in Norway for the future.* x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~7'KN x Bz'K~'K20 mA mAQHerrero, Stephen//Fleck, Susan\Injury to people inflicted by black, grizzly or polar bears: recent trends and new insights\ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1990825-32*We update or extend data presented by Herrero (1985). Injury rates were low, 1980-1985. The highest rates were 317,700 and 328,645 park visitors per injury inflicted by black or grizzly bear in Kluane and Denali National Parks. Injury rates calculated against number of backcountry user nights were significantly higher for all parks where injury occurred, but this exaggerates the-N~ ,<L danger from bears in backcountry areas since day use is not included. In certain national parks such as Glacier (Montana) there appears to have been an increase in grizzly bear-inflicted injury to persons travelling off-trail. The potential danger from grizzly bears that are habituated to people and/or have learned to feed on people's food or garbage is stressed by focussing on 8 fatal, predatory attacks in Glacier (Montana), Yellowstone and Banff National Parks between 1967-1986. Habituated grizzly bears may also attract photographers who may be injured or killed by such bears. Carrying dead ungulates or imitating the sounds of prey may attract grizzly bears and this may lead to human injury. Five cases of grizzly bear-inflicted injury (including 2 deaths) were identified in which this appeared to have been a common circumstance. Additional evidence is cited supporting the idea that grizzly bear injuries inflicted during sudden encounters are most likely to occur in habitat where grizzly bears have been attracted by natural foods during the time when the injury occurred. A thorough search for records dated between about 1965-1985 of polar bear-inflicted injury revealed onl y 20 injurious incidents. In 15 or 16 of these the bear's motivation appeared to have been predation. Six people were killed in such incidents. At least 251 polar bears were killed during aggressiv e encounters. Only 5 or 6 aggressive interactions (3 or 4 leading to human injury) were attributed to females defending their young. Female polar bears appear to be less aggressive toward people in  Xdefense of young than are grizzly bears, but more aggressive than black bears.30 mA mAQ(Mattson, David J.!Human impacts on bear habitat use! Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1990833-56*\Human effects on the bear habitat use are mediated throuN~ ^DTgh food biomass changes, bear tolerance of humans and their impacts, and human tolerance of bears. Large scale changes in bear food biomass have been caused by conversion of wildlands and waterways to intensive human use, and by the introduction of exotic pathogens. Bears consume virtually all human foods that have been established in former wildlands, but bear use has been limited by access. Air pollution has also affected bear food biomass on a small scale and is likely to have major future impacts on bear habitat through climatic warming. Major changes in disturbance cycles and landscape mosaics wrought by humans have further altered temporal and spatial pulses of bear food production. These changes have brought short-term benefits in places, but have also added long-term stresses to most bear populations. Although bears tend to avoid humans, they will also use exotic and native foods in close proximity to humans. Subadult males and adult females are more often impelled to forage closer to humans because of their energetic predicament and because more secure sites are often preempted by adult males. Although male bears are typically responsible for most livestock predation, adult females and subadult males are more likely to be habituated to humans because they tend to forage closer to humans. Elimination of human-habituated bears predictably reduces effective carrying capacity and is more likely to be a factor in preservng bear populations where humans are present in moderate-to-high densities. If humans desire to preserve viable bear populations, they will eit her have to accept increased risk of injury associated with preserving habituated animals, or continue to crop habituated bears while at the same time preserving large tracts of wildlands free from si &gnificant human intrusion. \40^N~ L\ mA mAQ2McLellan, Bruce N.ARelationships between human industrial activity and grizzly bearsA Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1990857-64*Most grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) live outside parks and reserves and often have to contend with, among other things, resource extraction industries. These activities can affect individual bears and therefore populations by: 1) causing strong, energetically expensive reactions by bears that disrupt their normal behavior, 2) displacing bears from areas of human use, 3) altering habitats in which bears live, 4) disrupting the bears' social system, and 5) industrial personnel killing bears or increasing mortality rates indirectly by improving access for hunters, poachers, other resource users, and settlers. Grizzly bears are able to adapt to many habitat changes and a temporary increase of human presence. In most cases, increased motorized access that results in a long term increase of human activity and/or settlement with consequent increase in bears being shot is the most significant aspect of industrial developments. If an industrial activity is conducted with adequate guidelines to maintain important habitats, properly locate camps, incinerate garbage, restrict use of firearms, and close motorized access after the job is complete, the bear population probably will be maintained at a satisfactory level. Although many bears may be alive when an industry has completed its work, if access remains intact, the grizzly population is placed in a precarious position and may decrease in size and eventually be extirpated. Closing access after job completion is often physically and politically difficult. Industry personnel and government managers must take leading roles in planning, advertising, and i^N~ Td mplementing road closures. Cumulative effects models have been built to predict the impact of human activities on bear populations. These models are in early stages and require data to support t he coefficients used and the relationships between coefficients. Then they should be tested. One significant variable the models lack is the potential for a specific activity to be the seed for bloo ming additional and perhaps more harmful developments.  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K50 mA mAQ<McCutchen, Henry E.\Cryptic behavior of black bears (Ursus americanus) in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado! x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K+ x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1990865-72*;Black bear (Ursus americanus) in many U.S. and Canadian national parks become habituated to humans. They are often bold, frequent human use areas and are generally a nuisance. At Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, the antithesis of this behavior has been observed in the black bear population. A 4-year study using radio telemetry and observation indicates that although many bears have home ranges in high human use areas, they are secretive and avoid humans and developed areas. The behavior of 2 of the park's radio-collared bears is documented and discussed.  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K60 mA mAQFGunther, Kerry A.TVisitor impact on grizzly bear activity in Pelican Valley, Yellowstone National ParkT Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1990873-78*CVisua`z :j B\ll observations were used to determine if human activity affected grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) use of open meadow areas in Pelican Valley, Yellowstone National Park. Visitor compliance with bear management regulations and safety warnings were also evaluated. From May-September 1984-88, 944 bear observations were recorded. During this period, the study area was managed for 3 levels of backcountry use: open (both day use and overnight camping allowed), restricted use (day use only), and closed (no visitor use allowed). The average flight distance of grizzly bears to tree cover following disturbance by backcountry users was 422 m. When the valley was open to visitors, bear activity in areas greater than 500 m from forest cover was significantly reduced and bears avoided areas around occupied backcountry campsites. No differences in diurnal hourly activity patterns were observed among the open, restricted, and closed periods. Foot parties were more likely to be charged during an encounter with a grizzly bear than people on horseback. All incidents in which hikers were charged by bears involved groups of 1 or 2 people. Only 17% of the observed hiking parties followed the recommended group size of 4 or more people. Compliance with the area closure and day use only regulations was 99% and 83%, respectively. T x Bz'K~'K Bx Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K70 mA mAQP%Kasworm, Wayne F.//Manley, Timothy L.%ORoad and trail influences on grizzly bears and black bears in Northwest MontanaO Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1990879-84*FRadio locations from 3 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and 26 black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Cabinet Mountains of northwest Montana were analyzed to determine the effects of roads and trN~ dtails on seasonal habitat use patterns from 1983 to 1988. Two seasons, spring and fall, were identified based on food habits and habitat use. Distances from radio locations to the nearest open road and trail were compared to distances from random points to the nearest road and trail. Grizzly bears used habitat 0-914 m from open roads less than expected based on availability during spring and fall (P<0.05). Black bears used habitat 0-274 m from open roads less than expected during spring and used habitat 0-914 m from roads less than expected during fall. Grizzly bears used habitat 0-122 m from trails less than expected during spring and fall. Black bears used habitat 0-122 m from trails less than expected during spring and used habitat 0-305 m from trails less than expected during fall. Habitat availabitity appeared related to grizzly bear avoidance of trails, and black bear avoidance of roads and trails. Mean distance from grizzly bear radio locations to a seasonally closed road increased when the road was opened (P<0.001), though black bear locations did not (P=0.324). The benefits of road closures in bear management were discussed. & x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K80  mA mAQZ0.1) during construction and post-construction periods. Individual bears varied widely in their relative associations wi th the project, but several bears were commonly located near active construction. Impacts on denning were less than predicted because most bears denned in areas remote from and at elevations above pr oject features. Bears exhibited high fidelity to the same denning areas irrespective of the bears' association with project features. Total habitat lost to inundation and removal of vegetation was <0 .5% of the study area. Improved vehicular and foot access provided by constructed roads and powerlines, and the increased incentive for development of rural lands provided by surplus electric power, is expected to have long-term impacts on bears through increased disturbance and killing of bears by recreationists and settlers. Mitigation of the project included dedication of adjacent lands for wi^N~ s| ldlife and creation of a trust fund to support research and habitat maintenance for bears. w 5 x Bz'K~'K 5 x Bz'K~'K\ 5 x Bz'K~' K100  mA mAQx-Leonard, Richard D.//Breneman, Ray//Frey, Ray-fA case history of grizzly bear management in the Slims River area, Kluane National Park Reserve, Yukonf Int. Conf. Bear Res. an d Manage. 19908113-123*PA management planning program for Kluane National Park Reserve was completed in 1980. A major decision was made to develop a public transit system in the Sl im River Area to facilitate visitor access to a large valley glacier. The transit system was not built and the valley was managed as a backcountry hiking area for an interim period. Characteristics of grizzly bear-people conflicts were monitored from 1981 to 1987. Park staff and 2,603 registered overnight backcountry users recorded 503 grizzly observations. Observations of solitary bears incre ased from 40% of total bear observations in 1981 to 84% in 1987. Frequency of avoidance behavior by grizzlies decreased whereas apparent neutral and approach behaviors increased. Incidents defined as  serious were infrequent from 1981 to 1984 (n=3). Serious incidents sharply increased in 1985 (n=10) and continued to be relatively frequent in 1986 (n=6) and 1987 (n=9). Serious incidents were cate gorized as close approach or charge (n=10), pack robbing (n=8), food cache robbing (n=2) and disturbance of tent camps (n=4), facilities (n=3) and vehicles (n=1). Management actions resulted in the de ath of 5 grizzlies, relocation of 5 grizzlies and area closures. Our analysis of relevant documents from 3 national park planning and management processes indicated that grizzly bears were not adequaw7g 5 tely treated in plans and environmental assessments for the Slims River Area because of emphasis on the proposed public transit system. The relationship between habituation of grizzlies to people and food conditioning was not recognized in management of the Slims River Area as a wilderness hiking area. We considered national park management processes to be valid tools for grizzly management prov ~ided they are implemented by trained, knowledgeable staff that apply adequate information before making decisions. P120  mA mAQ?Tsubota, Toshio//Kanagawa, Hiroshi//Mano, Tsutomu//Aoi, Toshiki?ACorpora albicantia and placental scars in the Hokkaido brown bearA Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1990 8125-128*The ovaries and uteri of 25 wild adult female Hokkaido brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis), killed by hunters during the March-May period from 1982 to 1986 in Hokkaido, Japan,  were observed macroscopically and histologically for the presence of corpora albicantia (CA) and placental scars (PS). The numbers of CA, PS and young were compared. The female bears were classifie d into 4 groups: solitary females, females accompanied by their cubs, yearlings, or 2-year-old young. CA were classified into 3 types (l, ll or lll) based on the degree of degeneration. Of the 3 typ es, only type l CA were regarded as formed recently. PS were classified into 2 types (new or old) according to size. The relationship among numbers of Type l CA, PS and young was examined for each g roup of females. Type l CA and new PS were observed in some solitary females. These findings may mean the occurrence of embryo loss during delayed implantation, abortion after placentation, and/or d eath of young after birth. D x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K130Dt4  mA mAQManville, Albert M. IILVariability of dental diseases in two populations of Great Lakes black bearsL Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908129-134*QBlack bears (Ursus americanus) were live-trapped, immobilized, and examined to determine the incidence of dental caries, broken and missing teeth, and jaw and bone trauma; and the incidence and cause(s) of periodontal disease in northern Wisconsin in 1974-1975 (N=95), and in Michigan's northern Lower Peninsula from 1977-1980 (N=35). Based on tooth sectioning, Wisconsin bears ranged in age from 0.5 to 1 5.5 years (average age for males and females was 4.5 and 6.02 years, respectively); Michigan bears ranged in age from 0.02 to 8.1 years (average age for males and females, 4.5 and 4.29 years, respecti vely). As expected, dental caries were common in both Wisconsin (9[10.5%] of 86 bears examined) and Michigan bears (7[20%] of 35). In both cases, caries appeared to develop in older animals, ranging  from 3.5 to 15.5 years of age in the Wisconsin sample and 3.5 to 8.1 years of age in the Michigan sample. Bears suffering from periodontal disease varied considerably between cohorts. In Wisconsin,  only 1 (1.1%) of 95 bears, a 5.5-year-old female, was infected with the disease. In Michigan, however, 13 (37%) of 35 bears had periodontal disease in varying degrees of severity, suffering tooth lo ss, infection, edema, bleeding, and jaw and gum atrophy. There was insufficient evidence, however, to indicate that bacteria (N=12) caused the disease. Using 2-dimensional isoelectric focusing, 5 sa mples of blood serum from diseased bears contained a minor protein band not present in disease-free samples. The results could not be replicated from other diseased bears, however. Selenium levels w^N~ ere low in bears examined (0.066-0.74 ug Se/ml serum), and although baseline values are not known for black bears, insufficient quantities of selenium, in bear diets in Michigan's Lower Peninsula sele nium-deficient belt are suspected of causing or at least contributing to the disease. Although periodontal disease was reported as age-dependent in other studies, such was not the case in Michigan (di sease range=1.75-6.5-years-old). Winter movements of several seriously-infected bears were related to disease infection.   x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K 04 x Bz'K~'K140 mA mAQ Floyd, Timothy//Nelson, Ralph A. Bone metabolism in black bears Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908135-137*]Denning bears maintain normal serum calcium concentration and do not develop osteoporosis after months of recumbency. A circulating substance may be responsible for this previously undescribed phenomenon. Further investigation of its potentvial theraputic usefulness in man makes preservation of all ursine species an important management priority.]150 mA mAQ Watts, P.D. UComparative weight loss in three species of ursids under simulated denning conditionsU Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908139-141*Captive animals were used to conduct 3 simulated denning experiments on each North American Ursid species. One polar bear was studied in its natural maternity den. Initial weight of the study animals ranged from 70 to 285 kg (+- 1 kg). Although the initial weight between black and grizzly bears and between grizzly and polar bears overlapped, the results provide evidence of a species-specific rate of weDtV~ night loss. The average body weight loss per day of all of the study animals ranged from 0.18 to 0.91 kg. The present data combined with the previously reported information on metabolic rates are used to calculate the caloric equivalent of weight loss. These calculations indicate that polar bears may have preferential protein catabolism and/or elevated water loss during denning. 160 mA mAQSchoen, John W.8Bear habitat management: A review and future perspective8 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908143-154*Throughout the world, bears are declining in numbers and range as habitat is reduced and bear-human interactions increase. Although ursids are widely distributed and inhabit a variety of habitats, they possess a number of biological characteristics that make them particularly vulnerable to conflict with humans. The habitat concept is discussed relative to the unique characteristics of bears. Because bears are wide- ranging species of landscapes, habitat relationships must be evaluated on a broader context than habitat types per se. Human activities and land uses must be factored into bear habitat relationships. Forest clearing and road building, in particular, are common problems for the conservation and management of many bear populations. An understanding of the processes of habitat fragmentation and population extinction is necessary for maintaining viable bear populations in the face of increasing habitat destruction and isolation. Several management tools and research needs for bear habitat management are discussed. 170 mA mAQ"Kansas, John L.//Raine, R. Michael"Methodologies used to assess the relative importance of ecological land classification units to black bears in Banff National Park, Alberta|M} 9 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908155-160*Methodologies of a 3-year study of black bear (Ursus americanus) habitat use in Banff National Park, Alberta are presented. The study was designed to determine if black bear habitat use could be described by an existing 1:50,000 scale Ecological (Biophysical) Land Classification (ELC) of Banff National Park. Fifteen bears were radio-collared and their use of ecological land units (ecosites) was determined through 1,855 locations. Feeding signs were recorded and 466 scats collected. Seasonal ecosite importance ratings on a 5-tier scale were assigned using a 3-step process. First, a subjective assessment was conducted that relied on the biologists' field experience during the study, results of scat analysis, and tabulation of feeding signs found. Second, the telemetry results were analyzed for the observed versus expected use of ecosites by bears as determined by the area of each ecosite. Third, a food habits model that was based on the relative percent occurrence of ELC vegetation types and key bear foods within each ecosite was used to derive a second set of seasonal ecosite importance ratings. From 77-90% of seasonal ecosite ratings either matched for all three methods, or differed by 1 rating class between the subjective and modeled techniques. This strong consistency between rating methods indicates that the relative importance of closed legend ecosites at a 1:50,000 scale of mappings can be discerned within a 5-tier rating system. It is cautioned that at this scale of mapping, the rating classe s serve only as a first-order planning tool. High ratings should raise a red flag to managers who must then conduct site-specific investigations. /! x Bz'K~'K! K x Bz'K~'KR! x Bz'K~'K180^N~ J mA mAQ%Mykytka, James M.//Pelton, Michael R.%UManagement strategies for Florida black bears based on home range habitat compositionU Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908161-167*Florida black bears (Ursus americanus) were radio monitored from October 1976 through July 1978. Composite home range of 11 animals was evaluated to identify important habitat components in the Osceola National Forest (ONF), Florida. Large swamp systems and surrounding pine flatwood communities were major components of bear habitat. The composite home range, which covered 49% (303 km) of ONF, included 7.5 of the 10 major swamps. Pine forest cover/stand types accounted for 60% of the composite home range. The composite home range also included 60% (19,003 ha) of forest stand types classified as sawtimber and 35.5% (6,946 ha) classified as poletimber in ONF. Preservation and restoration of the interconnectivity of large swamps and forested upland buffers surrounding these swamps, and maintaining longer timber rotation would encourage bear use and reduce the vulnerability of bears to overharvest.  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K:~'Kn x Bz'K~'K190 mA mAQNoyce, Karen V.//Coy, Pamela L.cAbundance and productivity of bear food species in different forest types of northcentral Minnesotac Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908169-181*Growth and reproduction of black bears (Ursus americanus) have been linked to food availability, particularly berries and nuts. However, quantitative data on availability of fruits in different habitats are lacking. Fruit production is highly variable and precise measurements such as berry counts are very time consuming. We used visual ratings in conjunction with syste0N~ matic sampling to characterize the areal coverage and productivity of 22 species of herbs and shrubs that produce food for bears in 11 common forest types in northcentral Minnesota. We made sample counts of berries and nuts to relate visual ratings to fruit biomass. Abundance of fruit-producing species was highest in regenerating (5-15-year-old) aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands, but total fruit production was highest in 8-20-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa) plantations that contained interspersed openings of windrowed slash. Fruit yields were poorest under dense (>80% closed) canopies and in lowland forest types, but lowlands provided a different array of species from uplands. Subjective ratings were less precise than actual berry counts but could be conducted more quickly, and they were accurate enough to distinguish important differences among stands. Because many stands could be surveyed during the short berry season, the technique enabled us to compare fruit yields across years and among different forest types, ages and canopy densities. ( x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'KL x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'KZ x Bz'K~'K200 mA mAQ"Powell, Roger A.//Seaman, D. Erran"EProduction of important black bear foods in the Southern AppalachiansE Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908183-187*1Production of foods has been linked to population sizes, social organization and mating strategies of many vertebrates, yet few studies of bears have quantified food production. In the Southern Appala'WN~ chian Mountains of North Carolina, we quantified production of 2 important foods for black bears (Ursus americanus) during 1986-1988 and the U.S Forest Service quantified a third between 1962 and 1973. Annual production of squaw root (Conopholis americana) averaged 4.14 kg/ha whereas annual production of berries (Vaccinium spp., Gaylussacia spp., Rubus spp.) averaged 52 kg/ha in areas with berry bush cover, which translates to 2.6 kg/ha over the whole forest (including areas without berry cover). Mean gross energy production by squaw root was 4.97 x 10 3rd. power kcal/ha and by berries, 1.64 x 10 3rd. power kcal/ha. Current mean acorn (Quercus spp.) production in the study area is expected to be similar to the 58.1 kg/ha measured between 1962 and 1973. This production of food is significantly higher than that reported for black bears in northern Minnesota.  + x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Kz x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K< x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K$ x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K210 mA mAQ?Clevenger, Anthony P.//Purroy, Francisco J.//Pelton, Michael R.?ZMovement and activity patterns of a European brown bear in the Cantabrian Mountains, SpainZ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908205-211*7The first capture of European brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Spain occurred in the National Hunting Reserve of Riao on 16 October 1985. An adult male wGwN~ Oas radio-marked and movements and activities were monitored until September 1988. Distances between daily radio-locations ranged from <0.1 km to 20.5 km and averaged 1.6 km. The 2 extremes were attributed to food availability, particularly winter-starved ungulates, and breeding. Seasonal home ranges varied from 39 km (fall/winter) to 1,272 km (breeding). Movements during 1987 and 1988 totaled 246 and 1,308 km, respectively. Seasonal activity data from diel recordings (n=92) indicated that the bear's activity was greatest during breeding period (43%). Diel activity patterns were crepuscular year-round. Daytime activity was lowest during post-denning and highest in fall/winter, averaging over 50% active. Food availability, breeding season, and levels of human activity were felt to be the most important factors influencing this bear's movements and activity patterns in the Cantabrian Mountains of Spain. * x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K5 x Bz'K~'K230 mA mAQ#Smith, Tommy R.//Pelton, Michael R.#UHome ranges and movements of black bears in a bottomland hardwood forest in Arkansas.U Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908213-218*Between July 1979 and May 1982 movements of 23 radio-tagged black bears (Ursus americanus) were studied in a remnant bottomland hardwood forest in eastern Arkansas. Estimates of annual and seasonal home range varied substantially within age-sex groups. Mean annual home ranges of males were significantly larger than those of females in adult and subadult age classes. Within sex classes, mean annual home ranges of adult and subadults were similar. The size of annual home range was inversely related to habitat diversity and, in adult males, to weight. Typically, bears used si+[N~ gnificantly larger ranges in summer, when their diets were complex and breeding occurred, than in spring or fall-winter, when their diets were simple. Home ranges of 4 neighboring males overlapped considerably. Among 2 groups of females, home range overlap varied and may have been related to reproductive condition or kinship. Radio-tagged bears did not disperse from the study area nor far from their natal ranges, indicating that this remnant population is closed. I x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K240 mA mAQ6Garner, Gerald W.//Knick, Steven T.//Douglas, David C.6MSeasonal movements of adult female polar bears in the Bering and Chukchi SeasM Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908219-226*Ten adult female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) were fitted with satellite telemetry collars during March 1986 in the Kotzebue Sound area of the Chukchi Sea. During March-April of 1987, two of these bears were refitted with satellite telemetry collars and an additional 10 adult females were collared in the northern Bering and eastern Chukchi seas. Data for 1,560 point locations recorded through May 1988 indicated that female polar bears in the Bering and Chukchi seas were resident in western Alaskan waters from November through March, then moved northward with the receding pack ice during April and May. They remained in the northern and northwestern Chukchi Sea during June through September, often adjacent to the Soviet coastline. Satellite telemetry data indicated that 4 females marked in Alaskan waters of the Chukchi Sea apparently denned in the vicinity of Wrangel Island during winter 1987/1988. Denning in American territory of bears marked in the ChukcZJz Qhi and Bering seas has not been documented using satellite telemetry data. Some polar bears moved from the Chukchi Sea into the western Beaufort Sea during summer and fall, then returned to the Chukchi and Bering seas the following winter. Movements of bears from the Chukchi Sea into the central or eastern Beaufort Sea were not documented through to the spring 1988. These data document that polar bears occurring in the Bering and Chukchi seas are shared internationally between the United States and the Soviet Union.  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K 3 x Bz'K~'K250 mA mAQ$Nagy, John A. S.//Haroldson, Mark A.$fComparisons of some home range and population parameters among four grizzly bear populations in Canadaf Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908227-235*Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare annual and seasonal activity for adult males, adult females with cubs, and adult females without cubs among grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) of the northern Yukon Territory; Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula and Richards Island, Northwest Territories; west-central Alberta; and Jasper National Park, Alberta. Seasons were spring-early summer (15 May to 21 July) and mid-summer-early fall (22 July to 21 September). Multiple comparisons of mean class ranks from significant K-W tests (P<0.05) were used to identify statistically distinct population subsets. These comparisons showed adult females without cubs in northern Yukon used annual and seasonal ranges that were significantly smaller than those for the same class of bears in the other study areas. Adult males in northern Yukon had the smallest annual home ranges. Bears in northern Yukon had lighter spring weights, were older, had the highest population density (26-30 bears/)Y~ 1,000 km) and estimated standing biomass (243 kg/100 km), and were unexploited. Differences in home range size estimates were primarily attributed to differences in population densities among study areas. p x Bz'K~'K p x Bz'K~'Kp x Bz'K~'K260 mA mAQ3Bjrvall, Anders//Sandegren, Finn//Wabakken, Petter3JLarge home ranges and possible early sexual maturity in Scandinavian bearsJ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908237-241*Radio-collared brown bears were studied in 2 areas, one located in northernmost Sweden, the other in the centre of the Scandinavian Peninsula on both sides of the border between Norway and Sweden. Most bears were tracked on snow in spring and radio-collared after being darted from a helicopter. When possible all bears were monitored once a week by fixed-wing aircraft. Some bears were monitored more continuously several days each week by car from forest roads. In 1984-88, 48 individual bears were radio-equipped in the project. Males used larger home ranges than females. In the northern study area 4 adult males had minimun annual ranges of 726-2,634 km. Seven adult females in the same area used annual home ranges of 171-1,002 km. Eight adult males in the southern study area used annual home ranges of 1,200-4,297 km, while minimum annual home ranges of 4 adult females in the same area ranged between 254-531 km. Bimonthly aerial monitoring would have given home ranges of both adult males and adult females of approximately 60% of those obtained by weekly monitoring. A female in the north, monitored since she was a yearling, had her first litter of $cubs at 5 years of age. 270FJz :j  mA mAQ"Seaman, D. Erran//Powell, Roger A."4Identifying patterns and intensity of home range use4 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908243-249* Assessing patterns of concentrated and diffuse use of an animal's home range is an important component of understanding ecological and behavior processes. We present the Area Independent Method (AIM), a graphical and quantitative technique for identifying the pattern of home range use (i.e., clumped or even) and for distinguishing between heavily and lightly used parts of an individual's home range when clumping is present. This technique does not require that the data have any specified statistical distribution. The results of the AIM are compared with those from Samuel et al. (1985) when both methods are applied to radio-telemetry locations of 18 black bears (Ursus americanus). Total home range size has a lesser effect on the size of the core area identified by the AIM than by Samuel et al.'s (1985) method. Both methods result in core area usage that is little affected by total home range size. This technique provides an objective method for comparing areas of concentrated and peripheral use among individuals. < x Bz'K~'K< x Bz'K~'KY< x Bz'K~'K280 mA mAQ"Zimmerman, John W.-A critical review of the error polygon method- Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908251-256*cThe Error Polygon Method (EPM) of Heezen and Tester (1967) is used most frequently to quantify telemetry error. Complete scientific reporting for this method should include the confidence arcs with associated confidence levels, a measure of#SN~ _ distance from the receiver to the estimated location, and a measure of the angle of intersection. The EPM assumption of a normal distribution of bearing errors was rejected with a large data base (n=940) collected on 13 transmitter locations that resulted in 388 estimated locations. Empirical data of actual error demonstrated the EPM's ability to delineate 90% error polygons that contained the actual location >90% of the time, although both the area and longest diagonal of the error polygons were 6.3 and 7.4 times, respectively, larger than actual error. The EPM did not give an accurate me%asure of location error. c290 mA mAQ,>Van Daele, Lawrence J.//Barnes, Victor G. Jr.//Smith, Roger B.>?Denning characteristics of brown bears on Kodiak Island, Alaska? Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908257-267* Investigations of brown bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi) denning ecology in 2 areas of Kodiak Island, Alaska, revealed that subpopulations of bears living within 70 km of each other had developed noticeably different denning behaviors. One hundred and fifteen radio-collared brown bears were located in 321 dens. The relative order in which bears in various reproductive categories entered their dens was similar in both study areas; females entered dens earlier than most males, and pregnant females generally entered dens earliest. Female bears in Southwest Kodiak, generally entered their dens 2 to 3 weeks later than their counterparts in the Terror Lake area. We hypothesize that this variation was related to the relative food availability in the 2 areas during late autumn. Emergence chronology was similar in both areas. Males were generally the 1st group to emerge from their dens, and females with new cubs were usually last. Bears at Terror Lake preferred steep K{~ slopes in alpine habitat for den sites. In Southwest Kodiak, midslope habitat and moderate slopes were preferred denning habitat. Two areas with high concentrations of dens were identified in the Terror Lake area. A high degree of fidelity to specific den sites was exhibited by individual brown bears on Kodiak. Two notable anomalies in denning behavior were observed in this study; use of multiple dens by 27 bears and failure to enter dens by 8 bears. Management implications of the differences in the denning ecology of these subpopulations are discussed.  x Bz'K~'K [ x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K300 mA mAQ6Graber, David M.?Winter behavior of black bears in the Sierra Nevada, California? Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908269-272*Black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Sierra Nevada range of California do not reliably exhibit the classic pattern of compulsory winter dormancy generally reported for this species. Pregnant females and most other adults hibernate for approximately 3.5 months, but only 37% of males are winter dormant. Winter-active bears tend to use lower elevations where snow cover is sporadic, growth after autumn rains provides herbaceous foods, and acorns may remain on the ground. Warmer temperatures at these lower elevations also reduce energy costs for active bears. The absence of a single environmental or physiological factor that discriminates between winter-active and winter-dormant bears, however, suggests that a complex suite of factors affects a bear's decision to remain active or den.   x Bz'K~']K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K310V!Q~  mA mAQ@ Mack, John A.  0.10). Yearlings after separation from their mothers became progressively independent of their mothers' range. Mean distances between mothers and offspring, and between siblings after breakup, increased each month as family bonds began to weaken and exploratory movements took place. Six of 7 yearlings survived until the following winter although 1 shed his collar before denning and his fate was unknown; all other yearlings returned and located dens in their respective maternal home ranges. 7 x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Kc x B z'K~'K330  mA mAQT"Raine, R. Michael//Kansas, John L."^Black bear seasonal food habits and distribution by elevation in Banff National Park, Alberta ^ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1990 8297-304*}The food habits and distribution by elevation of black bears (Ursus americanus) in Banff National Park, Alberta, were investigated during a 3-year radio-telemetry study. Analy sis of feeding signs indicated that the typical year is divided into the following bear food seasons: 1) green-up (den exit to mid-June), when horsetails (Equisetum spp.) and graminoid vegetation (gra} N~  sses, sedges and rushes) formed the major portion of the diets of bears, with importance values of 38.2 and 34.2% respectively; 2) ant (mid-June to mid-July), when bears consumed ants (Formicidae) and  ant larvae to a large extent (69.3%); 3) buffaloberry (mid-July to end-August), when bears fed upon buffaloberries (Shepherdia canadensis: 91.4%) once they ripened in mid-summer; 4) post-buffaloberry  (end-August to den entry), when, once buffaloberries had fallen from the bushes, bears switched to alternate foods such as crowberries (Empetrum nigrum: 85.1%) bearberries (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi: 1 1.1%) and juniper (Juniperus communis) berries (0.7%). Some bears were found to feed primarily upon crowberries during this season, while others mainly ate bearberries. The mean elevation at which a ll collared bears were located ranged from 1,500-1,543 m during the first 3 seasons, but increased to 1,694 m during the post-buffaloberry season. Some bears, however, stayed at low elevations (x=1, 463 m) during the fall and fed upon bearberries. Those that fed upon crowberries during the post-buffaloberry season had a mean elevation of 1,768 m, while those that fed upon high-elevation bear berries and white-bark pine (Pinus albicaulis) nuts had a mean elevation of 1,818 m. >  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K    x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K   x Bz'K~'Kz  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x^N~ $ Bz'K~'KP  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K(  x Bz'K~'K340! mA mAQ^Barnes, Victor G. Jr.eThe influence of salmon availability on movements and range of brown bears on southwest Kodiak Islande Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908!305-313*BBrown bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi) movements and seasonal range were examined in relation to the temporal and spatial distribution of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) on southwest Kodi!ak Island, Alaska, from 1983 to 1987. Salmon were available to bears from late June to mid-December and were utilized by all sex and age classes. From 50-89% of adult females fished at _2 separate a!reas of salmon abundance each year. Mean composite summer range of females tracked 2-5yrs (108 km) was much greater than either spring (13 km) or fall (26 km) range. Annual summer range of 8 femal!es tracked 4 consecutive years averaged 40 km; a smaller mean area of primary use (12 km) reflected a pattern of movement between areas of concentrated food. Females did not restrict their movement! patterns in years they were accompanied by new (<1yr) cubs. Males fished for salmon at the same sites used by females but traveled between those areas more often than females. Annual variation in m!ovement patterns was due apparently to behavioral differences among individual bears as well as yearly fluctuations in berry production, salmon availability, and unknown factors. Important bear feedi!ng areas in this region can be conserved by monitoring salmon escapements together with associated bear use, and by restricting human access at particular sites.  M x Bz'K~'K!M x Bz'K~'KmM x Bz'K~'K M x Bz'K~'KM x Bz'K~'K350$TDt ," mA mAQhFagen, Robert//Fagen, JohannagPlay behavior of brown bears (Ursus arctos) and human presence at Pack Creek, Admiralty Island, Alaska.H x Bz'K~'K "H x Bz'K~'K=H x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908315-319*Brown bears of all ages play. They use fighting movements" and postures to interact harmlessly with conspecifics, they chase birds, they roll and slide, and they manipulate objects. Individual bears at the Pack Creek estuary on northern Admiralty Island pla"yed from less than 1% to over 20% of their total time in sight in 1987-8. Play frequencies in 1987-8 were independent of presence or absence of human visitors. 360# mA mAQr#Rogers, Lynn L.//Wilker, Gregory W.#aHow to obtain behavioral and ecological data from free-ranging, researcher-habituated black bearsa Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1#9908321-327*s A study was conducted in northeastern Minnesota from 1986-1989 to determine the feasibility of habituating black bears (Ursus americanus) to observers for behavioral and ec#ological research. Of 18 males and 8 females that repeatedly visited an artificial feeding site in the presence of humans, 3 2-year-old females were radio-collared for further habituation away from t#he site. The 3 females were repeatedly located, fed, and accompanied at various locations in their territories. After 50-100 hours of this additional contact, each bear accepted human presence and m#ostly ignored observers that followed 1-10 m behind. The bears were no longer fed in their territories except for the feeding of scat markers for digestion studies. The bears were observed for 24- oBr2~ $4#r 48-hour periods approximately weekly as they matured, reproduced, and raised cubs. While being followed, they foraged, napped, slept through nights, showed REM and non-REM sleep, mated, played, nur#sed their cubs, captured young animals, maintained territories, marked bear trees, prepared dens, and began hibernation. They relied on natural foods and showed activity and movement patterns similar# to daily and annual patterns of 103 non-habituated bears that were radio-tracked previously in approximately the same area. A field computer with an internal clock was programmed to aid in the r#ecording of activities, habitat use, food consumption, and weather. A personal computer was programmed to sort and tabulate the data and calculate 1) time spent in each activity, 2) time spent in eac# h cover type, 3) number of bites taken of each food in each cover type, and 4) time spent in each activity and cover type in each weather condition. The computer calculated these time-activity budget# s for single 24-hour observation periods or for any combination of observation periods specified. Problems of excessive hunting loss, habitual nuisance behavior, or appreciable observer injury did no# t occur. Study results were directly useful to forest managers for identification of opportunity areas for habitat preservation or improvement. Results provided new insights into black bear diet, bi# oenergetics, foraging strategies, activity patterns, sociobiology, communications, and bear-human interactions. Drawbacks were few study animals and limited study area. Comparative studies are needed# in new locations, involving additional age and sex classes, additional physiological data, and additional behavior regimes such as might be exhibited by translocated bears, nuisance bears, or bears w^N~ R,<#hose ranges have been altered by fire development, insect defoliation, or extensive timber management. x A x Bz'K~'K A x Bz'K~'K A x# Bz'K~'K370$ mA mAQ:Dean, Frederick C.UBrown bear density, Denali National Park, Alaska, and sighting efficiency adjustment.U Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1987737-43*{Aer$ial surveys conducted in 1983 over a stratified random sample from about 2,500 km in the northeastern part of Denali National Park were used to estimate the brown bear (Ursus arctos) population. Twe$nty three flights, totaling 68 hours, were made in a low-flying, fixed-wing aircraft; the sample coverage totaled 4,590 km. Aerial counts were calibrated against simultaneous, multi-observer ground $coverage. A new technique combining digitized topographic and vegetation information was used to adjust for sighting efficiency. Calibration results and plot characteristics were combined to estimat$e sighting efficiency on all plots. The minimum density estimates for the study area, based on animals seen, were 1/44, 1/70 and 1/476 km for individual bears, bear units, and families, respectively$. The same values expanded by estimated sighting efficiency were 1/31, 1/49, and 1/163.S x Bz'K~'K S x Bz'K~'KS x Bz'K~'K$ 58% mA mAQ?#Egbert, Allan L.//Stokes, Allen W.#@The social behaviour of brown bears on an Alaskan salmon stream.@ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1974341-56*DISCUSS%ION - pp. 54-55 - Recent comparative studies on the social behaviour of some species of Canidae indicate solitary forms have a smaller, less complex array of close-contact visual social signals than tBr 4D%he gregarious species (Kleiman 1967; Fox 1970). These results suggested social species have evolved communication repertoires to minimize aggression among group members by the substitution of rituali%zed behaviour for actual fighting. Brown bears seem to fit this pattern in that being solitary they do not have a wide assortment of visual signals in comparison to other carnivores. 'Submission' po%stures, for example, are lacking; the nearest analogous behaviour in brown bears is similar (perhaps homologous) to the 'defensive threat' Leyhausen (1956) described for felids. Bears further lack th%e dramatic forms of 'weapons threat' (Geist 1971) typical of many other carnivore species (e.g. retraction of the lips to expose the canines). The small tail of bears precludes its value as a signali%ng device (Stonorov & Stokes 1972). Yet despite retaining conservative patterns of social behaviour, most bears accommodated easily to conspecific proximity at McNeil Falls. The greatest changes %in behaviour occurred among adolescents and sub-adults. Adults of both sexes were neither as wary at the onset of the fishing season nor did they habituate to the same extent as younger animals. Whe%reas non-agonistic relationships actually developed and persisted between some adolescent males, the behaviour of adults changed only by degree in that they tolerated closer proximity, with neither a % concomitant increase in high-intensity threats nor actual fighting. Low-intensity aggression (head-low threats) by all bears gradually increases as distances declined and reflected an increasing unwi% llingness on the part of interacting bears to give way. Bears became progressively less likely to initiate encounters with animals that were appreciably higher is social status; in 1973, adolescent m^N~ <L% ales initiated only 23 percent (24 of 103) of their encounters with the highly aggressive and more dominant females with young. While there was no group integration and coordination typical of social% carnivores, and while individual relationships were flexible, the sum of these factors resulted in formation of a social organization that was relatively stable. The presumed relationship between th% e social organization of a species and complexity and quantity of close-contact social signals has been questioned by Kleiman & Eisenberg (1973). They suggest that information value of signals may be% as important or more so than complexity or number, and that the context of an interaction may carry considerable information as well. Intensity of brown bear aggression was strongly related to %salmon abundance. Formation of a stable brown bear social system did not result in a more efficient exploitation of salmon, but rather salmon abundance determined in large part the degree of social s%tability. A decline in salmon numbers was reflected by an immediate increase in intolerance among the bears. There is evidence that lions (Panthera leo), a gregarious species, also show significant %increases in aggression when food becomes scarce (Shaller 1972; Kleiman & Eisenberg 1973). There is growing evidence that killing and cannibalism may be common among bears (Larsen et al. 1972). %Bears responsible in eye-witness accounts are generally described as large or are known to be adult males. The wariness most bears retain for large males at McNeil River indicates they are perceived a%s a serious threat. Bears in the young age classes and sows with young are most wary of males, but even oestrous females reflect this pattern, seeming more receptive to sexually-mature, but relativel^N~ DT%y small, adolescent males than to the big adults. Regulation of black bear populations is related to mortality in young age clases that is induced by adult males (Kemp, this volume, Paper 17). Circum%stantial evidence suggests the same may be true for brown bears. L x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K63& mA mAQF"Stirling, Ian//Derocher, Andrew E."KFactors affecting the evolution and behavioral ecology of the modern bears.K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908189-204&*( The present distribution and abundance of the ursids is but an ephemeral reflection of an evolutionary path that began with the first identifiable bear, the dawn bear (Ursavus elmensis), 20 milli&on years ago in the early Miocene epoch. Although the dawn bear was only the size of a fox terrier, by the Pleistocene its desendents had evolved into some of the largest terrestrial carnivores the w&orld has known. Most bear species evolved in the northern hemisphere although some dispersed and reached South America, Africa and Southeast Asia. Each species had to cope with ecological change&s that affected interspecific competition or the availability of food. Apparently the black bear was sufficiently adapted to have survived largely unchanged from what it was like a million years ago.& Numerous species went extinct, leaving only the 8 still present today. Some understanding of the evolutionary pressures that the modern bears have evolved through may help us to understand their be&havioral ecology. During the Pleistocene, bears at higher latitudes grew large and ecologically plastic while those closer to the equator remained small and became ecological specialists, as predSCs L\&icted by Geist's (1987) dispersal theory. Adaptations of the teeth of ancestral bear species allowed them to be both herbivores and carnivores. This allowed them to develop large size and broad ecol&ogical plasticity. Large body size enabled bears to conserve heat, capture large prey, defend carrion, travel great distances, and, as vegetation increased in the diet, to survive on qualitatively po& orer food. Quantity and quality of available food and the degree of sexual dimorphism influenced the size of the home range and the evolution of social behavior in each species. Bears show a gre& at deal of individual variation in behavior and may exploit different subniches as a result of learned behavior. Slight differences in phenotype may also influence exploitation of subniches. Recent l& iterature indicates that some terrestrial bear species are more active predators than previously thought and some evidence suggest a degree of scaling between the size of bears and the size of their p& rey. Social signalling appears to have been influenced by life in forest habitats but is not well understood. We give a preliminary interpretation of the social organization of the present day bears & through the interactive framework of proximate ecological pressures, phylogenetic history, and learning. There are likely few populations of bears anywhere in the world whose behavior has not bee&n significantly influenced by man. This may confound our understanding of their behavior and ecology. Remaining populations of bears may not be able to adapt successfully to the combined effects of &human predation, disappearing habitat, and climatic change. Z x Bz'K~'KZ x Bz'K~'Kp Z x Bz'K~'K70ON~ Td' mA mAQGStringham, Stephen F.7Roles of adult males in grizzly bear population biology7 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835140-151*Developing on my earlier wor'k (Stringham 1980) and that of McCullough (1981), influences of adult male abundance on rates of reproduction and subsequent attrition (mortality + net emigration) were evaluated for grizzly bears (Ur'sus arctos) by analysis of the data of Craighead et al. from Yellowstone National Park 1959-70. Years when adult males were most abundant were also those in which (1) the litters conceived were small'est when censused at median age 0.5 year postpartum, and (2) the cohorts born were comprised of fewest litters at that age. Cohorts produced during years of peak adult male abundance were not only sm'allest at age 0.5, but showed the highest rates of attrition to at least age 2.5 years. Apparently adult male abundance and/or some closely linked factor, perhaps availability of food, governed not o'nly abundance but quality of infants, which in turn governed survivorship and competitive ability for space and resources in Yellowstone National Park to age 2.5. That coincides generally with relati'onships between rates of reproduction and of attrition vs. abundances of adult males and of food observed by Rogers (1976, 1977) for black bear in Minnesota. McCullough (1981) reached some of these s'ame conclusions. o x Bz'K~'K o x Bz'K~'Ko x Bz'K~'K71( mA mAQHStringham, Stephen F.\Effects of climate, dump closure, and other factors on Yellowstone grizzly bear litter size.\ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1986633-39%UN~ w\l(*Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in Yellowstone National Park fed heavily on garbage at open-pit dumps from about 1895 until the dumps were closed in 1968-71. Concurrent with dump closure, mean cu(b litter size declined 17%. Almost 20% of the decline was associated with coincidental worsening of the climate and nearly 80% with closure. Impacts of closure may have been compounded by the simult(aneous increase in adult male abundance, to which litter size was negatively correlated.  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K( 72) mA mAQMMiller, Sterling D.0Population management of bears in North America.0 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908357-373*Population management for black bears) (Ursus americanus), brown-grizzly bears (U. arctos) and polar bears (U. maritimus) in North America is reviewed. In different areas bear populations are managed to achieve goals of population contro)l, conservation or sustained yield. Most North American bears are managed for sustained yields and this topic is emphasized. The consequence of error in population management is high as bears reprod)uce slowly and reduced populations will require many years to recover. Simulation results where reproductive rates were generous, natural mortality rates were low, and harvests were 75% of maximum su)stainable rates indicated that populations reduced by half will require >40 years to recover for brown (grizzly) bears and >17 years for black bears. Under optimal conditions for reproduction, natura)l mortality, and with males twice as vulnerable as females, maximal sustainable hunting mortality was estimated as 5.7% of total population for grizzly bears and 14.2% for black bears. In recent decas3c~ dt)des, all 3 species have obtained the status of game animals in most jurisdictions and management for control objectives is increasingly uncommon. Management for conservation requires primary emphasis) on habitat protection and on minimizing mortalities from any source. Managers of hunted bear populations use information from hunters, from sex and age composition of killed bears, from research pro)grams, and from computer simulation studies. Non-critical uses of data from any of these sources may lead to management error. Data on age-at-harvest is especially prone to misinterpretation. Techni) ques used to limit harvest by managers of hunted bear populations are reviewed. The primary constraints facing bear population management derive from inadequate habitat protection, political pressure) s, technological limitations of available population management techniques, and inadequate financial support for management. ' x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K)  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K4 x Bz'K~'K77) * mA mAQi8Miller, Sterling D.//Becker, Earl F.//Ballard, Warren B.8\Black and brown bear density estimates using modified capture-recapture techniques in Alaska\ Int. Conf. Bear Res. a*nd Manage. 1987723-35*rPopulation density estimates were obtained for sympatric black bear (Ursus americanus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations inhabiting a search area of 1*,325 km in south-central Alaska. Standard capture-recapture population estimation techniques were modified to correct for lack of geograhic closure based on daily locations of radio-marked animals ohN~ 'l|*ver a 7-day period. Calculated density estimates were based on available habitat in the search area (1,317 km for brown bears and 531 km for black bears). Calculated density was 2.79 brown bears/1*00 km (2.52-3.30 bears/100 km) and 8.97 black bears/100 km (7.74-10.21 km). Calculated 95% confidence intervals were +- 13.7% of the estimate for black bears and -9.8% to +18.5% of the estimate f*or brown bears. Probabilities of capture based on calculated sightability indices were not equal in some instances, so confidence intervals should be interpreted cautiously. Increasing the numbe*r of marked bears during the study period resulted in altered brown bears estimates and smaller confidence intervals, but because closure was a relatively good assumption for black bears in our study *area, had little effect on black bear estimates or confidence intervals. When telemetry data were used to correct input values for lack of geographic closure, the Schnabel estimator and the mean of 7* separate daily estimates yielded estimates close to our results. We recommend the technique for additional testing as a method to objectively compare bear densities between different areas or be* tween different times. These procedures may also be appropriate for use with other species.E: x Bz'K~'K: x Bz'K~'K: x Bz'K~'* ]K : x Bz'K~'K: x Bz'K~'K105+ mA mAQ*Schwartz, Charles C.//Franzmann, Albert W.*@Effects of tree crushing on black bear predation on moose calves@ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1983540-44*o+Mortality of young moose calves (Alces alces gigas) was evaluated on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, during spring and early summer 1977 and 1978. Studies were conducted both inside and outside of a 461#N~ t+-ha browse-rehabilitated area (Willow Lake) where standing vegetation had been crushed with LeTourneau tree crushers in winter 1974-75. Uncrushed areas (control) were regrowth of vegetation that was +burned by forest fire in 1947. Moose calves were radio-collared with mortality-sensor transmitters soon after birth. Black bear (Ursus americanus) predation accounted for 40-42% of the calf mortalit+y in control areas (6 of 15 calves collared in 1977 and 10 of 24 in 1978); no calves (of 8 collared in 1978) were killed by black bears within the rehabilitated areas. Movements of 23 radio-collared b+lack bears were also monitored during 1978 and 1979. Radio-collard bears, including 15 whose home ranges bordered or included rehabilitated areas, either did not utilize or avoided crushed sections. + Results of our studies indicated that neonatal mortality of moose calves was significantly reduced within browse-rehabilitated areas. ! x Bz'K~'K x Bz+'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'KL x Bz'K~'K164, mA mAQvMcLaughlin, Craig R.//Matula, George J. Jr.//Cross, Randall A.//Halteman, William H.//Caron, Mark A.//Morris, Karen I.vPPrecision and accuracy of estimating age of Maine black b,ears by cementum annuliP Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908415-419*2We investigated the precision and accuracy of age estimation by cementum annuli counts for Maine black bea,rs (Ursus americanus). Precision of age estimation was assessed by: 1) a repeated measures analysis of variance design to evaluate effects of reader, reader experience, bear sex, bear age class, and N~N~ |,trial; and 2) pair-wise comparisons of estimated years of birth (YOB) from series of premolars removed from bears over periods ranging from 2 days to 12 years. Age estimation accuracy was assessed th,rough pair-wise comparisons of cementum-assigned YOB to known YOB for known-age bears. Experienced readers assigned significantly (P = 0.0001) lower age estimates than inexperienced readers; greater, differences in age estimates occurred in old bears. Least variation in age estimates occurred in experienced readers' estimates for young bears (SD = 1.08 yr). Experienced readers estimated age mor,e precisely over 3 trials than inexperienced readers (P = 0.0051). YOB estimates from multiple teeth removed from individual bears showed decreasing agreement with increasing time between tooth remov,al (P = 0.002), and decreasing agreement with increasing age of bears (P < 0.001). Teeth removed later in life yielded later YOB estimates than teeth removed earlier. Cementum age estimates are accu,rate for bears _ 6 years of age, but may underestimate age in older bears. Managers using cementum age estimation should recognize the technique's limitations in precision and accuracy, and minimize , changes in personnel and methodology to reduce variation in estimates over time.ny x Bz'K~'Ky x Bz'K~'Ky x Bz'K~'K1, 97- mA mAQ!Gunther, Kerry A.//Renkin, Roy A.!RGrizzly bear predation on elk calves and other fauna of Yellowstone National Park.R Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908329--334) Keay notes: Single bears accounted for 80% of the observed predatory attempts on cow/calf groups. Breeding pairs, subadult pairs, females with cubs, and females with yearlings were also obkN~ -served chasing elk calves. Grizzly bears successfully took calves in 38% of the hunts that involved cow/calf groups >25 elk and in only 14% of the hunts that involved groups of _25. In May and early- June when newborn calves were extremely immobile, bears were observed locating newborn calves, apparently by scent, in calving/bedding areas. Adult elk retreated as bears approached these areas. Be-ars then moved through the sagebrush in a zigzag pattern, occasionally rising onto their hind legs. Calves that had remained bedded and were detected by bears were killed. These hunts ranged in time- from 5 seconds to 71 minutes (x=32.2 min 9.6 SE) and covered distances from 5 to 1,625 m (x=935 m 211 SE). The most common hunting techniques observed (59 of 70 hunts, 18 successes) was for a bear-(s) to approach cow/calf groups at a loping pace while in the open, apparently not using vegetation or topography for cover. Elk were aware of the bear's presence, and reacted by bunching into tight -groups while intently watching the bear. After the initial approach, the bear(s) made a series of charges that tended to separate confused calves from the group. The chase then concentrated on these- calves. Calves were often caught when bears cut to the inside of calves changing direction in an effort to rejoin the herd. Once within reach bears used their forelegs to grasp and pull down runnin- g calves by the rump. This type of hunt ranged in time from 5 seconds to 58 minutes (x=8.7 min 2.0 SE) and covered distances from 27 to 4,812 m (x=818 149 SE). Bears were observed killing more tha- n 1 calf on 2 occasions. The third style of hunting observed (2 of 70, both successful) involved the use of cover. Bears used tree cover to approach elk grazing within 50 m of the forest edge. Each^N~ - of these hunts lasted less than 20 seconds and covered less than 137 m. In each incident elk suddenly became alert and closely monitored the forest edge before a bear rushed from the trees and initi- ated chase. Due to the high efficiency of this type of hunt, it may occur more frequently than observed. Bears spent from 9 to 76 minutes (x=40 min 4 SE) feeding on calves immediatedly following th- e kill. Bears returned to 6 of 26 calf kills for a second feeding period, which ranged from 4 to 10 minutes (x=7 min 1 SE). Bears may have returned at night to feed on diurnal kills. Other scaveng-ers feed on elk calf remains. Ten hunts of adult elk were observed (8 unsuccessful, 2 unknown), May through July. No attempts at predation on adult elk by grizzly bears were observed in August or Se-ptember. These hunts ranged in time from 5 seconds to 1 minute (x=0.2 min 0.09 SE) and covered distances from 27 to 402 m (x=107 35 SE). Grizzly bears were observed unsuccessfully chasing ducks, g-eese, and sandhill cranes. *;Success rate, frequency, chronology, and techniques of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) predation on elk calves (Cervus elaphus) were determined from visual obse-rvations in the Pelican Valley area of Yellowstone National Park, 1984-88. Seventy hunts directed toward elk groups containing calves were recorded, 26 of which were successful. Twenty one, 13 and 4- percent of all grizzly bear sightings in May, June, and July, respectively, involved hunts toward cow/calf groups. Success was significantly correlated with the number of attempts and time of year. - Grizzly bears were successful in killing calves in 71%, 42%, and 7% of the observed hunts in May, June, and July, respectively. Grizzly bears used 3 different techniques to hunt elk calves. Attempt^N~ -ed predation on adult elk and other fauna was also observed.E x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x B-=z'K~'K x Bz'K~'K222. mA mAQFrench, S. P.//French M. G.bPredatory behavior of grizzly bears feeding on elk calves in Yellowstone National Park, 1986-1988.b Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1990.8335-341*Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) were observed preying on elk calves (Cervus elaphus) on 60 occasions in Yellowstone National Park, with 29 confirmed kills. Some bears wer.e deliberate predators and effectively preyed on elk calves for short periods each spring, killing up to 1 calf daily. Primary hunting techniques were searching and chasing although some bears used a. variety of techniques during a single hunt. They hunted both day and night and preyed on calves in the open and in the woods. Excess killing occurred when circumstances permitted. One bear caught 5. calves in a 15-minute interval. Elk used a variety of antipredator defenses and occasionally attacked predacious bears. The current level of this feeding behavior appears to be greater than previou.sly reported. This is probably related to the increased availability of calves providing a greater opportunity for learning, and the adaptation of a more predatory behavior by some grizzly bears in Y.ellowstone.  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K'  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K.I,8grizzly bears/predation/behavior/Yellowstone/elk/Wyoming8223$3c# / mA mAQMealy, Stephen PatrickOThe natural food habits of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park, 1973-74.O Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19804281-292* The/ natural food habits of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis Ord) in Yellowstone National Park were investigated in 1973-74 to identify the grizzly's energy sources and trophic level(s), nutrient us/e, and distribution. Food consumption was determined by scat analysis and field observations. Food quality and digestibility were estimated by chemical analysis. Grizzlies were distributed in 3 dis/tinctive feeding economies: valley/plateau, a grass/rodent economy where grizzlies were intensive diggers; mountain, primarily a grass/springbeauty/root economy where grizzlies were casual diggers; an/d lake, primarily a fish/grass economy where grizzlies were fishers. The economies occurred in areas with fertile soils; distribution of bears within each was related to the occurrence of succulent p/lants. The feeding cycle in the valley/plateau and mountain economies followed plant phenology. Grizzlies fed primarily on meat before green-up and on succulent herbs afterwards; meat, corms, berrie/s, and nuts became important during the postgrowing season. Succulent grasses and sedges with an importance value percentage of 78.5 were the most important food items consumed. Protein from animal /tissue was more digestible than protein from plant tissue. Storage fats were more digestible than structural fats. Food energy and digestibility were directly related. Five principle nutrient mater/ials (listed with their percentage digestibilities) contributed to total energy intake: protein from succulent herbs, 42.8; protein and fat from animal material, 78.1; fat and protein from pine nuts, ^N~ / 73.6; starch, 78.8; and sugar from berries and fruits, digestibility undetermined. Protein from succulent herbs, with a nutritive value percentage of 77.3, was the grizzlies' primary energy source. / Because succulent, preflowering herbs had higher protein levels than dry, mature herbs, grizzly use of succulent herbs guaranteed them the highest source of herbaceous protein. Low protein digestibli/ ty of succulent herbs was compensated for by high intake. Grizzlies were digestively flexible and maximized use of protein from plant and animal sources. They were adapted to the most constant and a/ bundant sources of protein: succulent herbs and animal material from open, fertile grasslands. Competition among grizzlies for animal food during the pregrowing season may be regulatory for the griz/ zly population. The grizzly population level can be partially accounted for by the grizzlies' status as secondary consumers during pregreen-up periods and primary consumers during the growing and pos/tgrowing seasons. The essential evnvironmental requirement was the availability of fertile grasslands and herblands interspersed with cover and capable of maintaining artiodactyls, rodents, and abunda/nt nutritious herbs as sources of food. *  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'Kn  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'KA/  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'KW  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K2280 mA mAQWang, Y.3The current status of Formosan black bear in Taiwan3 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 199081-4*8Due to recently increasing game expoitation and hVN~ @0abitat fragmentation, the existence of Formosan black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus formosanus) was thought to be endangered. To assess the current status of this species, aboriginal hunters, forestry0 workers and game store owners were interviewed, and 6 field surveys were also conducted. The results showed that this species was distributed mostly in mountains where the elevation is higher than 10,500 m; whereas in winter it could be seen in low elevation from 500 to 1,000 m. From 1985-88, 32-60 bears were sighted by the forestry workers in 22 locations. Most bears were found in Lala Mountai0n Reserve, Yushan National Park and Snow Mountain Area. In addition, from our surveys, some bears were found in Tawu Mountain Reserve. At present, this species can fetch a price between $727 US 0and $7,274 US (x= $2,713 US, N=13) in the local market. This price is approximately 1/2 the annual income of an aboriginal hunter. Besides, over half the aboriginal hunters (N=97) were willing to catc0h the animal regardless of its fierceness. This species is widely favored by game store owners; about 91 bears were sold in game stores between 1985-1988. A decreasing bear population was report0ed by most of the game store owners, aboriginal hunters and forestry workers, as a result of unlimited hunting. To cope with the current crisis, the Council of Agriculture legally declared in January 01989 that the Formosan black bear is a threatened and protected species and a reserve to protect the Formosan black bear is now being planned. m x Bz'K~'K! 0 Dx Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K2381 mA mAQStrickland, M. Dale5Grizzly bear recovery in the contiguous United States5 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 199085-9*The agencies responsible for the manN~ 1agement of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) have formed an interagency organization called the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee (IGBC). The Committee has developed guidelines for the mana1gement of bears and bear habitat that are being applied in 4 of the 5 ecosystems where populations of bears still exist in the contigous 48 states. The Committee, through its members, has also endors1ed and often funded research on habitat and grizzly bear populations. The Committee currently has a task force assisting the U.S. Forest Service in their development of a cumulative effects model (CE1M) that will use existing data on habitat and bears to evaluate the addititive as well as individual effects of various activities on bears. Research is needed to validate CEM components. Additonal r1esearch is needed on social attitudes toward the grizzly bear, aversive conditioning, physiological effects of handling bears and population genetics. Some small populations may need periodic injecti1on of new genetic material. A project evaluating population augmentation as a possible management tool to increase genetic diversity and population size is planned in the near future. The Northern C1ontinental Divide and Yellowstone populations appear secure and the former appears to have reached a recovered level. It is important that the delisting process proceed in this population to confirm 1recovery, fulfill commitments to the public and assess our ability to manage grizzly bears without the protection of the Endangered Species Act. It is also important to focus more attention on areas 1 where the bear is less secure. While past recovery efforts have concentrated on areas in the United States, it may be impossible to maintain a viable population in some border areas without including^N~ #1 the bears and bear habitat provided by neighboring Canadian provinces. To aid in this cooperation, the IGBC recently was expanded to include British Columbia and Alberta.A x Bz'1 aK~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K2392 mA mAQ|$McLean, Peter K.//Pelton, Michael R.$QSome demographic comparasions of wild and panhandler bears in the Smoky MountainsQ !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !199082105-112*Body measurements, sex, weight, age, and reproductive condition were collected from 1,210 captures of wild and 492 captures of pandhandler black bears (Ursus americanus) trapped in the S2moky Mountains (SM) from 1968 to 1988. Gender was associated with the bear's status (i.e., panhandler/wild) (panhandler: 60% male, wild: 54% male, P=0.056). Wild male bears were significantly older 2than panhandler bears (3.9 vs 2.9 yr, P=0.0001); wild female bears were older than pandhandler females (4.9 vs 3.7 yr, P= 0.004). Male and female panhandlers were significantly heavier than their wil2d counterparts (P < 0.05), and panhandler bears grew faster than wild bears. The number of lactating females was significantly associated with status (P < 0.001); 56% of the panhandler and only 33% o2f the wild females were lactating. Panhandlers were more fertile and larger than wild bears likely reflecting the panhandlers better access to and use of high-energy, human foods particulary duri2ng years of natural food shortage. Small amounts of these foods, the availability of which varies with panhandler bear manangement, appear to make differences in body size. Dispersal and the large h2ome range size of the males and subadults probably explain the propensity of these bears to become panhandlers. The above findings as well as differences in demographic characteristics among wild bea'WG Z2rs within the Smoky Mountains are further discussed as they relate to the nutritional qualities of the environment. S x Bz'K~'KS x Bz'K~'K72 *S x Bz'K~'K3803 mA mAQMiller, Stirling D.lDenning ecology of brown bears in southcentral Alaska and comparisons with a sympatric black bear populationl !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !199038279-287*TBrown bears (Ursus arctos) in southcentral Alaska spent an average of 201 days in winter dens. Males spent the least time in dens (mean= 189 days) and parturient females the m3ost (mean= 217 days). Females with cubs of the year and females pregnant at den entry spent the least amount of time out of dens (158 and 164 days, respectively) and males the most (180 days). No di3fference in den entrance date based on sex or reproductive status was observed. Mean den entrance date was 14 October. Entrance date differed between years, early entrance appeared associated with be3rry crop failures and colder weather. Mean date of exit from dens was earliest for males (23 April) and latest for females with newborn cubs (15 May). Exit dates also varied between years with late 3exits correlated with colder weather and persistent snow cover. Dens used by brown bears in this area were excavated, no unmodified natural cavities were used. These dens collapsed during spring3 and summer precluding reuse. Some individuals dug dens in the same general area from year to year; mean distance between den sites used in successive years by all bears was 6.1 km. Characteristics 3of den sites and sizes of dens are described. Typically dens were dug at higher elevations and on the periphery of home ranges used during summer and fall. Upon exit, most bears moved to lower eleva P 3tions but females with newborn cubs tended to remain in the vicinity of den sites. Available data suggest this behavior reduces loss of newborn cubs to predation by other bears. Compared to a sy3 mpatric population of black bears (Ursus americanus), brown bears denned at higher elevations, spent less time in dens, and entered dens earlier. Den exit dates were similar. Dimensions of brown bea3 r dens were not significantly larger than excavated black bear dens and mean date of emergence from dens was about the same. A proposed hydroelectric project in this study area would likely have redu3 ced black bear populations through impacts on black bear denning habitat. The project would have had only indirect impacts on brown bear denning habitats.   x Bz'K~'K 3  x Bz'K~'K2  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K4004 mA mAQ'Reinhart, Daniel P.// Mattson, David J.'IBear use of cutthroat trout spawning streams in Yellowstone National ParkI !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1990 8343-4350*XGrizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and black bears (Ursus americanus) prey on spawning cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki, formerly known as Salmo clarki) in tributary streams of Yellowstone Lak4e. These tributary streams were surveyed from 1985 to 1987 to determine the presence and level of trout spawning activity and bear use. Indices were developed to enumerate spawner density and levels4 of bear use. Of 124 known tributaries of Yellowstone Lake, 48% had a spawning run. Of these spawning streams, 93% had associated bear activity, and 61% had associated evidence of bear fishing. Bea3cN~ 94rs were apparently using more spawning streams and fish compared to 10 years earlier. Bear use of cutthroat trout spawning streams appeared to be largely a positive function of volumetric spawner den4sity. We hypothesize that abundance and quality of stream-side vegetation relative to other foraging options influenced bear use. Intra- and interspecific avoidance among bears was suggested by patt4erns of spawning stream use. Less bear use of spawning streams than expected occurred within 1 km of park developments.  < x Bz'K~'K < x Bz'K~'K4< x Bz'K~'K< x Bz'K~'K$< x Bz'K~'K< x Bz'K~'K< x Bz'K~'K <4K x Bz'K~'K< x Bz'K~'K4105 mA mAQCalvert, Wendy// Stirling, Ian_Interactions between polar bears and overwintering walruses in the central Canadian High Arctic_ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 199058351-356*There are few records of predation by polar bears (Ursus maritimus) on walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), although their distributions overlap extensively. During the late winter and ea5rly spring from 1981 to 1989, we recorded interactions between polar bears and walrus in the central Canadian High Arctic, where walrus movements are severely restricted in the winter by limited areas5 of open water for breathing and haulout holes. Predatory behavior of bears and anti-predator behavior of walruses were observed. We found evidence that polar bears made wounding but non-fatal attac5ks on 3 walruses, killed 3 walruses, and probably killed 4 others. One walrus was frozen out of its breathing hole and vulnerable to predation. Although the vulnerability of walrus to polar bear preAqN~ ]5dation would vary with habitats and seasons, it is clear that polar bears are important predators of walruses in the central Canadian High Arctic in late winter-early spring. 3 x5 Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K\ x Bz'K~'K4206 mA mAQSmith, Bernard L.8Sex weighted point system regulates grizzly bear harvest8 !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19908375-383*A system that provides outfitt6ers guiding non-resident hunters with a 3:1 incentive to take male over female grizzly bears was tested in 20 outfitting areas in the Yukon Territory between 1985 and 1988. This system replaced annua6l quotas, 1980-1984, that had been critized as being too small, too inflexible, and lacking incentive for male-selective or dispensed harvest. This new system was implemented in each outfitting area.6 Sex was confirmed through compulsory inspection of "male" pelts with attached bacula. Most other regulations were unchanged. Most of the 20 outfitters modified hunting operations and behaviour6s. The behaviour changes most likely to increase male harvest were increased upland hunting, spring hunting, small plane use and hunting over "gutpiles". Generally, the kill increased, sex ratios cha6nged little, the proportion of older bears taken increased, and the head size of bears taken increased. Future increases in male harvest are expected, but will require training of hunting guides. Ou6tfitters ranked flexibility, opportunity to increase harvest if male proportions increased, frank individual discussions with biologists, increased potential harvest, and new population estimates, as 6=the most beneficial attributes of this program. 430Hx8h 7 mA mAQKolenosky, George B.;Reproductive biology of black bears in east-central Ontario; !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19908385-392*The reproductive charact7eristics of 241 female black bears (Ursus americanus) _3-years-old were examined in east-central Ontario from 1969-1980. During the 12-year period, the percentage of adult females reproducing each ye7ar ranged from 13-58 and averaged 38. Litter sizes ranged from 1 to 4 and averaged 1.9 from summer captures and 2.5 from den examinations. Size of litters was positively correlated with both age of 7the female (P<0.009) and weight the previous fall (P<0.001) (N=28). Fall weights of 20 adult females that produced cubs the following year averaged 97 kg compared to an average of 70 kg for 14 female7s that did not produce cubs. Weights of 16 of 20 of the former exceeded 80 kg whereas only 4 of 14 of the latter group were that heavy. Females produced their first litters at ages 5-8; the mean age7 of first reproduction was 6. Age-specific natality rates for females aged 5-18 ranged from 0.36 to 1.50. Females aged 5-7 produced an average of 0.6 cubs/year and females aged 8-18 an average of 1.72 (P<0.01). Based on 4-8 consecutive years of breeding history, 14 of 15 bears had a 2-year breeding cycle. The male-to-female ratio of cubs produced was 113:100 (N=96). Of the 68 different adult f7emales checked during the study, 59% produced at least one litter of cubs. However 17 of the 68 bears produced 66% of all litters. Characteristics common to the most productive females were longevit7y, large size, possession of a home range and low vulnerability to hunters. Because a successful female had a high probability of being successful again, the protection of females with young would be^N~ 7 a desired management strategy in heavily hunted populations or populations occupying marginal or fragmented patches of habitat. < x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K7 :~'K x Bz'K~'K4408 mA mAQ6Picton, Harold D.//Palmisciano, Daniel//Nelson, Gerald6OFluctuating asymmetry and testing isolation of Montana grizzly bear populationsO !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !819908421-424*Fluctuating asymmetry of adult skulls was used to test the genetic isolation of the Yellowstone grizzly population from its nearest neighbor. An overall summary statisti8c was used in addition to 16 other parameters. Tests found the males of the Yellowstone population to be more variable than those of the North Continental Divide Ecosystem. Evidence for precipitation8 effects is also included. This test tends to support the existing management hypothesis that the Yellowstone population is isolated. 4609 mA mAQStringham, Stephen F.JBlack bear reproductive rate relative to body weight in hunted populationsJ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908425-432*+Litter si9ze, natality (cubs per adult female per year), and maturation rate are positively related to body weights of adult males and females. This is shown by regressions of reproductive parameters on weight,9 using mean values from each of 7 hunted populations. Maturation rates to weaning and adulthood are, respectively, proportional to the inverses of interbirth interval and age at first whelping, gener9ation length. Assuming that weight is an index of nutritional status, these findings for black bear (Ursus americanus) are consistent with the typical mammalian dependence of reproductive rate on nutrj*  9itional status. Because body weights are commonly obtained by game managers, they may be a quick, inexpensive basis for estimating reproductive rate for populations where reproductive data are lackin9g. x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K470: mA mAQStringham, Stephen F.4Grizzly bear reproductive rate relative to body size4 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908433-443*Mean adult body sizes (BS) and :reproductive parameters were compared across 12 populations of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). BS was assessed in terms of mean adult body weight (BW) and skull length (SL). BWs of adult males and fem:ales are positively related to each other and to SL. As BS increases, litter size (C/L) and natality (C/L/IBI) tend to increase, while interbirth interval (IBI) and age at first whelping (AFW) decreas:e. To the extent that IBI and AFW are inversely related to maturation rates to weaning and adulthood, respectively, these results indicate a positive relationship between maturation rate and BS in a :population. Both BW and SL are inexpensive predictors of reproductive rate reliable enough for management purposes where reproductive data are lacking. m x Bz'K~'K :N x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K480; mA mAQReid, Donald G.EThe focus and role of biological research in giant panda conservationE #Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Management#1994923-33*The Ministry of For;estry of the Peoples Republic of China and World Wide Fund for Nature have cooperated since 1980 in an effort to conserve the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in the wild in China. This conservatku5e ' ;ion project has 4 major components: biological research, population survey, management planning, and training. This paper first evaluates the focus and results of the biological research using a fra;mework based on population viability analysis and life-history theory. Demographic parameters and the causes of their variation are still poorly understood. A number of habitat-related ecological pro;cesses are relatively well understood. Second the paper assesses the dominant role of biological research in the project. The principal threats to panda population viability are anthropogenic: habi;tat loss and poaching. However, this conservation project has not sufficiently addressed the socio-economic conditions and behaviors that cause and influence the threats to panda persistence. Incorp;orating social scientists along with biological scientists in a team of investigators at the inception of a conservation project should make the project more successful.> x Bz'K~;]'K> x Bz'K~'K> x Bz'K~'K30< mA mAQDClevenger, Anthony P.//Purroy, Francisco J.//de Buruaga, Mario SaenzD;Status of the brown bear in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain; !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987<71-8*During the 16th century, the European brown bear (Ursus arctos) inhabited most of the Iberian Peninsula. At present, its range in Spain is limited to 2 relict populations: the Pyr<enees and the Cantabrian mountains. In 1973, the bear was declared a protected species; hunting was prohibited and compensation was paid for all livestock and agricultural damages by bears. The smal<l Cantabrian bear population is distributed throughout 5 provinces covering approximately 5,000 km. This fragmented distribution leads to reduced interchange and genetic isolation between groups. Si#SN~ B<nce 1954, 8 published population estimates have ranged from 54 to 142 individuals. Livestock grazing is the dominant activity in the mountains and has resulted in forests being converted to pasturela<nd and being kept at seral stages. Livestock and agricultural damage by bears primarily affects young horses, sheep, and apiaries. Timber harvesting and the conversion of hardwood regeneration areas< to exotic pine plantations also eliminate potential habitat. Coal-mining has a 3-fold influence: the operations themselves; the illegal hunting by miners in these areas; and the building of roads, w<hich increase traffic. Principal threats are habitat loss and fragmentation, genetic isolation, illegal hunting, and use of strychnine. We encourage improved administrative coordination among provin<ces, timely compensation to affected livestock owners, and collection of ecological data to identify the species' requirements for survival. 2 x Bz'K~'K  x< B Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K490= mA mAQ!Bjarvall, Anders//Sandegren, Finn!CEarly experiences with the first radio-marked brown bears in SwedenC !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !198779-12*In 198=4-85, 4 brown bears (Ursus arctos) were radio-tracked in the alpine and northern boreal zones in northern Sweden, and 3 were radio-tracked in the northern and middle boreal zones in central Sweden to =obtain information on movements, home ranges, food habits, and activity patterns. With 1 exception, ear-attached transmitters were used. They functioned well on 1 bear for 2 seasons but not as well =on 6 other bears. In 4 cases, the signal gradually weakened until bears could not be relocated. Preliminary results indicate home range sizes varied from about 50 km (yearling bear) to 500 km (adul8hN~ =t male). In the northern area, activity seemed closely related to daylight. Activity patterns were diurnal in summer, with 24 hours of daylight, and in autumn.  x Bz'K~'K=W  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K500> mA mAQ Elgmork, Kre ,The cryptic brown bear populations of Norway, "Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. "1987713-16*UUntil 1975, it was estimated that the brown bea>r (Ursus arctos L.) in Norway was restricted to 1 remnant southern population and a few small northern populations. In the last decade, it has been shown that small populations of very shy individual>s exist in many parts of the country, including the fjord districts of the west. These secretive bears have escaped the notice of previous authors reporting on the occurrence of brown bears in this c>entury. This development in our knowledge of Norwegian brown bears may be relevant to other European countries where similar conditions may prevail. 2 x Bz'K~'K >K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K510? mA mAQ Osti, Fabio EStatus of a remnant brown bear population in Trentino, Italy: 1981-85E !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987717-18*EDITED DISCUSSION - p.18 ?- We collected 297 valid reports of bears or their sign between 1981 and 1985. These data provide our best overall bear distribution information. We identified about 1,500 km of bear habitat, about? 243 km of which is of primary importance to bears. It includes good foraging, security, and denning habitats. Most (68%) of the reports we collected were for this area. Areas periodically occ@p} = $?upied by bears include about 81 km in Val di Ledro, Valle di Concei, and Valli de Guidicarie. Val di Fumo, Val Daone, and Val di Genova are only occasionally occupied by bears. It is important ?to manage the remaining bear habitat in Trentino with the well-being of the bear population in mind. Because the habitat is so restricted, any further habitat degradation threatens the bear populatio?n. Forest management policies should maintain or create suitable habitat, and vehicle access should be carefully controlled so that bears are not displaced from preferred areas. Planting fruit trees?, such as apple and pear trees, in forest openings could provide an important food source and thus help maintain the brown bear population in the Alps of Trentino.520@ mA mAQ Weber, Peter FObservations of brown bear movements in the Hargita Mountains, RomaniaF !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987719-21)Abstract not available.@ 530A mA mAQKnight, R.R.//Eberhardt, L.L.&Propects for Yellowstone grizzly bears& !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987745-50*PRecent analyses of data on the grizzlyA bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) population of Yellowstone National Park and its environs suggest the likelihood of a continuing decline in numbers if losses of fully adult females are not reduced. ThAe size of the population is not known, and a simple projection model has been used to identify some inconsistencies in the available index data. Population dynamics calculations, based on Lotka's equAation or a stochastic model, indicate a continuing decrease in numbers, although continued observations through radio-telemetry are needed to verify these trends. The margin between stabilizing the pU4~ ,Aopulation and a continued decrease appears to be roughly the loss of 2 fully adult female bears per year. At present, the risk of extirpation of this population over the next 30 years appears to be sAmall. Continued monitoring of survivorship will be needed, particularly because "recovery" of the population may be mainly characterized by a shift in the pattern of mortality, from adults to subadulAts, and not necessarily a reduction in absolute number of losses. - x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K540B mA mAQ&%Miller, Sterling D.//Chihuly, Mark A.%7Characteristics of nonsport brown bear deaths in Alaska7 !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987751-58*2The sex, age,B and other characteristics of 668 brown bears (Ursus arctos) killed in nonsport circumstances in Alaska during the period 1970-85 were examined. These data represent an unknown fraction of total nonsBport kills as not all kills were reported. Both sport harvests and nonsport kills are increasing in Alaska. Nonsport harvests averaged 5.1% of total sport and nonsport kills. Areas with the highestB human density had the highest ratio of nonsport to sport harvests. Nonsport harvest are most common during periods when most people are in remote areas to hunt or fish. Males predominate in the nonBsport kills of younger bears and females in the nonsport kills of older bears. Regulations and other factors make adult male bears more vulnerable to sport hunters than adult female bears. PartiallyB as a result, nonsport kills contain more adult females than sport kills. An analysis based on affidavits from 224 persons killing bears revealed that bears were shot to avoid perceived danger (72%) UEu $4Bto protect property (21%), and to eliminate nuisances (7%). < x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K550C mA mAQ0%Reynolds, Harry V.//Garner, Gerald W.%@Patterns of grizzly bear predation on caribou in northern Alaska@ !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987759-67* We iCnvestigated grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) use of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) as carrion and prey in 3 areas: 2 areas were in or adjacent to the traditional calving grounds of large caribou herds, and 1 Carea that did not include caribou calving grounds. The western Brooks Range study area was located in the mountains and foothills near the calving grounds of the Western Arctic Caribou Herd (est. 200C,000 in 1985); the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge study area was in the coastal plain and foothills of the eastern Brooks Range in the calving grounds of the Porcupine Caribou Herd (est 150,000 in 19C85) and the Canning River study area was in the mountains and foothills of the eastern Brooks Range, 80 km southwest of the calving grounds of the Porcupine Herd. Predation or scavenging was determinCed from direct observation, locating radio-collared bears feeding on caribou, and from blood on the muzzles of captured bears. The Canning River bear population was distant from calving grounds, showCed little use of caribou, and was characterized by low population density and productivity. Caribou were used as carrion and prey by the 2 grizzly bear populations for which calving caribou were avaiClable. Bear population density and productivity were higher when caribou were available, even though patterns of caribou use by bears differed between the 2 areas. Near the calving grounds of the WeP@p ,<Cstern Arctic Herd, western Brooks Range grizzly bears stayed within their established seasonal home ranges and used caribou as the caribou migrated through their home ranges. In contrast, on the PorcC upine Herd calving grounds, some Arctic Refuge bears left seasonal home ranges in the mountains to take advantage of the caribou on the coastal plain, staying only as long as the calving caribou were C available. In addition, some bears that preyed on Porcupine Herd animals apparently traveled long distances following the path of migrating caribou to the calving grounds. No bears from the Canning RC iver study area were observed to leave their home ranges to reach the calving grounds. The proportion of caribou that were killed by bears vs. those that were scavenged was not determined. Although C most caribou killed by bears were calves, adults were also preyed upon. Grizzly bears of all sex and age classes fed on caribou.  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~C 'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K560D mA mAQ: Mano, Tsutomu GPopulation characteristics of brown bears on Oshima Peninsula, HokkaidoG !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987769-73*Population characteriDstics of brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis) on Oshima Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan were studied from January 1983 to May 1985. Although the sex ratio of bears greater than 2 years of age did not diffDer from 50:50, the younger age classes of males constituted a significantly (P< 0.05) larger portion of the kill than those of females. Within the study area, the age and sex structure of harvested beDars did not differ by locality and did not change between the periods 1972-75 and 1981-84. There was no consistent trend in harvest from 1969 to 1984. Assuming the population was stationary, the aveJzN~ 4DDrage annual mortality rate was calculated from the age distribution of harvested bears as 20.5%, 14.2%, and 16.9% for males, females, and sexes combined, respectively. The differential vulnerability Dto hunting among the sexes may be 1 of the causes of these differing mortality rates. + x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'KJ x Bz'K~'KD 570E mA mAQDLeCount, Albert L."Causes of black bear cub mortality" !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987775-82*'From 1982 to 1985, 23 Arizona black bear (Ursus ameriEcanus) cubs were equipped with motion-sensitive, breakaway radiocollars while in winter dens. Eleven (48%) of these cubs died, but cause of death was determined in only 8 cases because of collar lossE. Fifty percent of these deaths were the result of cannibalism by other bears. Other causes of mortality included other predation, disease, and hunting. The majority of cub deaths occurred within 6E0 days of den emergence; only 1 cub dying of natural causes lived beyond the end of the May-June breeding season. Seven of 13 individual litters (54%) containing radio-collared cubs experienced mortalEity, and in 6 of those cases (86%), the total litter died. In this population, hunter-caused mortality appeared to be additive rather than compensatory. * x Bz'K~'KEO x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K580F mA mAQN&Carney, Daniel W.//Vaughan, Michael R.&LSurvival of introduced black bear cubs in Shenandoah National Park, VirginiaL !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987783-F)85)Abstract not available.590)(1a m<LG mA mAQXBFrkovic, Alojzije//Ruff, Robert L.// Lidija, Cicnjak//Huber, DjuroB?Brown bear mortality during 1946-85 in Gorski Kotar, Yugoslavia? !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !198G7787-92*The official records of forestry and hunting organizations were examined for data pertaining to the legal and illegal harvest of brown bears (Ursus arctos) during 1946-85 in GoGrski Kotar, Yugoslavia. During the 40-year period, 281 brown bears (191 males, 57 females, and 33 of unknown sex) were killed in Gorski Kotar. Total annual mortality ranged from 0 to 20. Bear mortaGlities consisted of 205 (73%) by hunting, 26 (9%) by poisoning, 31 (11%) by traffic (trains and motor vehicles), and 19 (7%) by unknown causes. Legal hunting accounted for 169 (60%) of all losses, ilGlegal shooting took 36 (13%), and deaths from other causes totalled 76 (27%). The estimated ages of bears killed were 25 bears < 1 year (9%), 105 bears 1-4 years (37%), and 151 bears > 4 years of ageG (54%). Of bears killed, 105 (37%) weighed < 100 kg, 80 (29%) weighed 100-150 kg, and 96 (34%) weighed > 150 kg. Legal hunting, accomplished by shooting from elevated stands over baits, tended to seGlect adult males. About one-half of the illegally shot bears were taken in the same fashion and those also favored adult males. The most successful hunting occurred in spring (Mar-May) when 142 (69%G) of 205 legally and illegally harvested bears were taken. The greater spring hunting success compared to other seasons was attributed to a number of factors including greater bear use of baiting sitGes because of the lack of natural foods and increased hunting effort because of pelt primeness. O x Bz'K~'K O x Bz'K~'K(O x BG z'K~'K600}^N~ DTH mA mAQb Aoi, Toshiki BHarvest characteristics of brown bears in northern Hokkaido, JapanB !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987793-95*A population study of the EHzo brown bear (Ursus arctos yesoensis) was initiated in 1975 in northern Hokkaido. One hundred fifty-two brown bear skulls collected from 1980 to 1985 were used to determine age. Most of these bearsH were killed in nuisance control hunts conducted during the early spring. The youngest age classes of bears (0-5 years old) constituted 67.7% of the harvest, probably a result of high hunting pressurHe. Subadults (2-5 years old) comprised 41.4% of the sample, with a preponderance of young males. The youngest females with cubs were 5 years old, and the female reproductive rate was 0.67 cubs/adultH female/year. The brown bears population in northern Hokkaido is declining. * x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K610HI mA mAQlBoscagli, Giorgio9Brown bear mortality in central Italy from 1970 to 1984. 9 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1987797-98)Abstract not available.620J mA mAQvBlanchard, Bonnie M.9Size and growth patterns of the Yellowstone grizzly bear 9 !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987799-107*Weights and/or measurementsJ of 151 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) captured 261 times were recorded from 1975 to 1985. Males were consistently heavier than females within all age classes beginning at age 2. Mean weight for 65 adJult males (5+ years old) was 192 kg and 135 kg for 63 adult females (5+ years old). Mean monthly weights by sex and age class indicated adults lost weight from den emergence through July, generally rg'N~ L\Jegaining emergence weight by August. Weaned yearlings lost weight July-September, whereas unweaned yearlings gained weight during the same period. Sexual dimorphism in body measurements within age cJlasses was apparent in cubs and became significant in all body measurements by age 3. Girth was the measurement most closely correlated with weight for both males and females. Adults feeding at garbJage dumps weighed more than bears relying on natural food sources. Bears were smaller and weighed less in this study than during the period 1959-70, when major dumps were available as a food source. J Mean annual weights of nondump females were highly correlated with annual habitat productivity indices for Yellowstone Park. Correlations between mean adult female weight and cub litter size (r = 0.J92) and mean age at 1st cub production (r = - 0.52) were apparent. In general, females with reliable high-energy foods tended to attain larger body sizes, mature at an earlier age, and have larger cJub litters than females using relatively low-energy foods. 2 x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K630K mA mAQ#Harris, Richard B.//Metzgar, Lee H.#UHarvest age structures as indicators of decline in small populations of grizzly bearsU !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877K109-116*NWe used simulated grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) harvest data to answer 2 questions: (1) can we use 2-group discriminant function analysis to distinguish harvest age structures from popuKlations that have equilibrated from those beginning to decline from overharvest? and (2) how powerfully can it distinguish with small samples typical of grizzly bear data? Simulated populations were ON~ TdKsubjected to experimental harvests to determine the harvest level that caused chronic declines. For each run, statistics that discribed age structures were calculated. We constructed a linear discriKminant function equation based on the descriptive statistics that separated declining from equilibrating populations, and estimated the power of the equation using decline as the null hypothesis. AccKepting a 10% chance of failing to detect a decline (Type l error), the equation had little power to correctly classify equilibrated populations. With sample sizes from a 3-year period in the range 72K-153 animals, estimated power was about 50%. With 3-year sample sizes in the range 24-51, power was roughly 20%-25%. Only when comparing severely overharvested populations with equilibrated populatiKons could power be raised to >60%. We conclude that detecting grizzly population declines at their outset will be unreliable when based solely on harvest age structure data.   x KdBz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K" x Bz'K~'K640L mA mAQRTaylor, Mitchell//Bunnell, Fred//DeMaster, Douglas//Schweinsburg, Ray//Smith, JohnRHANURSUS: A population analysis system for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) H #Int. Conf. on BeLar Res. and Manage.#19877117-125*RANURSUS estimates the mean and standard error of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) population parameters (i.e., cub survival rate, litter survival rate,L subadult and adult survival rates, litter production rate, litter size, and mating and reproductive intervals) from age specific observations of litter size and family group status. The parameterizaLtion for recruitment estimates is unconventional so that the 3-year reproduction cycle of polar bears may be correctly described. (Taylor et al.1987). Previous estimates of annual polar bear cub *ZN~ P\lLsurvival rate considered only the loss of individual cubs; they did not consider abandonment of single cub litters or loss of entire litters. We provide an estimation procedure that accommodates all Lsources of cub mortality for arctic polar bear populations. Data required for the procedure include the female age structure; number of females with offspring; presence or absence of cubs-of-the-yearL, yearlings, or 2-year olds; and observed litter size. The average age of 1st reproduction may be calculated by weighting each age by its probability of 1st reproduction and determining the weighLted average. The probability of 1st reproduction at age x is determined from age specific litter production rates and the standing age distribution. The average age is for all females in the populatLion during the census period. The mean interval between producing litters (litter recruitment interval) and the mean interval between mating availability (mating interval) are different for polarL bears. The reciprocals of the 2 intervals, mean litter recruitment rate and mean mating rate, are useful to compare populations but should not be used for population projections. In addition to littL er recruitment interval and mating interval, 2 measures of the expected number of litter recruitment events are also defined. = x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'KL 4 x Bz'K~'K650M mA mAQPeyton, Bernard?Habitat components of the spectacled bear in Machu Picchu, Peru? !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877127-133*This study was designed tMo determine if spectacled bears (Tremarctos ornatus) confine their activities to habitat units of vegetation within broad habitat types. Vegetation data were recorded in the Historical Sanctuary of MN~ dtMachu Picchu and adjacent valleys from 230 transects located in 143 regularly selected sites and in 87 sites that contained bear sign. Information on bear behavior was gathered from sign found at the 8M7 sites and in an additional 48 sites where vegetation studies along transects were not conducted. The data were analyzed using TWINSPAN, a classification program, and DECORANA, an ordination programM, to describe 9 habitat types, 6 of which were occupied by bears. Seven vegetative units located in 4 habitat types contained 83% of the sites where evidence of bear presence was found. One suchM vegetative unit was found in both subalpine paramo (3,600-4,150 m) and rain paramo (3,400-4,000 m), 2 were found in steppe grasslands (3,050-3,650 m), and 3 were found in forests below 2,700 m. ThesMe spectacled bear habitat components were characterized by bear food species with relative abundance values greater than 5.0% and no human or livestock presence. Although minimum area requirements areM not known for spectacled bears, the results of this study suggest that the Sanctuary of Machu Picchu is too small to protect spectacled bears without the protection of adjacent habitat. :Mp x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K8 x Bz'K~'K660N mA mAQPeyton, BernardSCriteria for assessing habitat quality of the spectacled bear in Machu Picchu, PeruS !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877135-143*CriteNria that could be used to determine habitat quality for the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) were defined in the Historical Sanctuary of Machu Picchu and 3 adjacent valleys. Habitat quality was dNetermined by a comparison of vegetative and environmental data between regularly selected sites and sites that contained bear sign. Good grassland habitat was found to have hiding cover within 25 m i6fN~ l|Nn subalpine paramo, 35 m in rain paramo, and 40 m in steppe habitat. Desirable criteria for slope were maximum values that ranged between 26.6 degrees and 46.0 degrees for the 3 habitats. Paramo sitNes used for feeding were found to have at least 3 food species with a combined importance value of 6.0 in subalpine paramo and 9.0 in rain paramo habitat. Similar sites in steppe habitat had at leastN 2 food species with a combined importance value of 1.4. Four desirable criteria for forested habitats were based on parameters from sites used by traveling or feeding bears. Good quality sites for Ntraveling bears had slopes less than 34.6 degrees and less than 49% vegetation cover between 0.15 and 1 m above the ground. Forested sites that met criteria for good food quality had at least 2 bear Nfoods with a combined importance value of at least 3.8. Better habitat with less human disturbance was found in the Lucamayo and Santa Teresa drainages bordering the Sanctuary than in the Sanctuary. N R x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K670O mA mAQMollohan, Cheryl M.FCharacteristics of adult female black bear daybeds in northern ArizonaF Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19877145-149*Ninety-four blaOck bears (Ursus americanus) bedding sites were located between May 1982 and August 1984. Locations were identified by radio-tracking 14 adult females. Sampling from sites of females with and withoutO cubs showed both bedding and feeding activity at 39% of the sites. Multiple daybeds were found at 28% of the sites and all sites were within 0.8 km of water. Bedding sites occurred on canyon walls O81% of the time, the slopes of which averaged 39%. Daybeds were on the uphill side of a tree 74% of the time. Bed trees averaged 73 cm dbh. Chewing and scratching of daybed trees was recorded at 38%EuN~ tO of the sites, and scats were found at 69% of the sites. Removal of vegetative cover and large trees in black bear bedding habitat could reduce overall habitat quality.  x Bz'KO_~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K680P mA mAQ&Garner, Nathan P.//Vaughan, Michael R.&CBlack bears' use of abandoned homesites in Shenandoah National ParkC !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877151-157*PFrom May 1982 to April 1985 we studied seasonal use of domestic fruits at 330 abandoned homesites by 24 adult female, 17 adult male, and 3 subadult male black bears (Ursus americanus) in central ShePnandoah National Park, Virginia. Distance-to-nearest-homesite measurements indicated that males were never closer (P > 0.10) to homesites than females or random points during any season and that Pfemales were closer (P < 0.001) to homesites than males and random points during summer. Only females were located < 100 m from homesites more (P < 0.001) than expected during summer and early fall. P Food habit analysis of 857 scats indicated that bears consumed apples (Malus spp.) and sweet cheries (Prunus avium) at abandoned homesites mainly in summer, early fall, and late fall. Bears used homePsites in late fall more than distance measures indicated. Domestic fruits were an important nutritional food for black bears in relation to total soft fruits eaten. h x Bz'K~'KPh x Bz'K~'Kh x Bz'K~'Kh x Bz'K~'Kh x Bz'K~'K h x Bz'K~'KP+h x Bz'K~'K690(%UE |Q mA mAQPhillips, Michael K.@Behavior and habitat use of grizzly bears in northeastern Alaska@ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19877159-167*eHabitat use and behaQvior of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) were studied in 3 areas of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, northeast Alaska, during 1982 and 1983. Scanning for bears resulted in 386 and 388 h of behavioralQ and habitat use information. Vegetation on 3,626 ha in the Caribou Pass-Kongakut River study area was mapped to Viereck-Dyrness (1980) level lV. Grizzly Bears devoted most of their nonhibernation tQime to feeding and foraging. Food habits and habitat use were influenced by the phenological development of herbaceous plants and berry-producing plants and availability of animal food items. +Qv x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K. x Bz'K~'K700R mA mAQDarling, Laura M. 0.1). During the berryT season, both bears relied heavily on berries, but their diets differed. During the 3-year study, reproductive success of the more efficient bear (smaller home range, feeding activity correlated withT food quality) was greater than that for the less efficient bear (3 vs. 2 cubs). These observations are discussed in terms of foraging theory. We conclude that 1 bear appears to be optimizing, but bToth bears could be satisficing. e x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K730U mA mAQHamer, David//Herrero, StephenQGrizzly bear food and habitat in the front ranges of Banff National Park, AlbertaQ !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877199-21!Q <l U3* Food and habitat used by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Front Ranges of Banff National Park were studied during 1976-80 using fecal analysis, feeding site examination, direct observationsU, and radio-tracking. Important foods included pink hedysarum (Hedysarum alpinum) roots, yellow hedysarum (H. sulphurescens) roots, bearberries (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), graminoids, horsetaUils (Equisetum arvense), buffaloberries (Shepherdia canadensis), and Vaccinium spp. fruits. Most foods were eaten in dry meadows, shrubfields, or open forest. Horsetails were the only notable exceptUion; many feeding sites occurred in mature forest. The alpine zone was unimportant as feeding habitat. Seasonal changes in diet and habitat use appeared to be related to plant phenology with bears eUating plant parts which seemed to be at nutritious development stages. Hedysarum roots, the bears' major food, had significantly less crude protein and more fiber when plants were flowering than whenU they were in pre-leaf. Related to this, digging by bears was minimal during the mid-summer flowering period. Seasonal habitat use also appeared to be influenced by hedysarum phenology. As the sprinUg digging season progressed, hedysarum diggings occurred more on north-facing slopes and at higher elevations, where phenology was retarded. Later-season root digging was inversely related to buffaloUbery abundance: the volume of roots in feces during August-October was greater in 1976 and 1978, 2 years when buffaloberry abundance was significantly lower than in 1977 or 1979. We concluded that buU ffaloberries, known to be high in soluble carbohydrate, were preferred over hedysarum roots. During summer, grizzly bears ate horsetails in sites where the plants were in immature, nutritious develop^N~ UU ment stages. The elevation of horsetail feeding sites was significantly higher in late July-August than in early July. Grizzly bears thus ate food high in soluble nutrients and low in fiber by makinU g seasonal changes in both the food and habitat they selected. ( { x Bz'K~'K  { x Bz'K~'K { x Bz'K~'K { U x Bz'K~'K { x Bz'K~'K { x Bz'K~'K { x Bz'K~'K { x Bz'K~'K { x Bz'KU ~'K { x Bz'K~'K { x Bz'K~'K { x Bz'K~'K { x Bz'K~'K  { x Bz'K~'KU/4 { x Bz'K~'K740V mA mAQOhdachi, Satoshi//Aoi, Toshiki-Food habits of brown bears in Hokkaido, Japan- !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877215-220*Food habits of the brown beaVr (Ursus arctos yesoensis) were studied from 1975 to 1984 in 4 diverse areas on Hokkaido Island. Foods of bears varied seasonally in each area and differed among areas largely because of differences Vin foods available. Bears ate mainly succulent herbs in spring and summer and fruits in the fall in northern Hokkaido. Hog's-fennel (Peucedanum multivittatum) dominated the bears' diet in August andV September in the alpine areas of the Daisetsu Mountains. Foods of bears on the Shiretoko Peninsula included those from the sea, but were otherwise similar to northern Hokkaido. The diet of bears onV the Oshimo Peninsula was dominated by beech (Fagus crenata) buds in the spring in terms of frequency of occurrence, and actinidia (Actinidia arguta) fruit in the fall.   x Bz'K~%UN~ 1V'K x Bz'K~'K6 x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'KVzI x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K750W mA mAQRCicnjak, Lidija//Huber, Djuro//Roth, Hans U.//Ruff, Robert L.//Vinovrski, ZvonimirRFFood Habits of Brown Bears in Plitvice Lakes National Park, YugoslaviaF !Int. Conf. Bear ReWs. and Manage. !19877221-226*Brown bear (Ursus arctos) food habits were determined by analyzing 95 scats and by investigating feeding sites in and around Plitvice Lakes National PaWrk, Yugoslavia. Only plant material was found in 76% of the samples, whereas 24% contained both plant and animal (mostly insects) material. At least 28 different plant and animal food items were ideWntified. Plant material consumption varied with phenology. Important food types by season were: spring-graminoids, forbs, and ferns; summer-oats, insects, fruits, and forbs; autumn-tree fruits, nutsW and insects; and winter-nuts, fruits, and mammals. Spring food was of low nutritional value, whereas summer food was rich in nitrogen-free extract and crude fiber. Predenning food was high in nitroWgen-free extract and ether extract.   x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K760X mA mAQ&Hellgren, Eric C.//Vaughan, Michael R.&OHome range and movements of winter-active black bears in the Great Dismal SwampO !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877X227-234*During May 1984, we initiated a study of black bear (Ursus americanus) ecology on the 410 km Great Dismal Swamp Wildlife Refuge, a forested wetland in eastern Virginia and North Carolinp0` Xa. Two male bears (ages 3 and 4) and 2 females (ages 3 and 7) remained active during winter 1984-85. Eight other bears (5 males, 3 females) denned for 70-131 days in excavated ground cavities (N = 3X), ground-level tree cavities (N = 2), and ground nests (N = 3). Winter home ranges, determined by the modified minimum area method, were 1.9 km for males and 2.4 km for females. Annual home rangeXs for these bears, based on monitoring for 7-12 months, averaged 29.6 km and 17.8 km for males and females, respectively. Distance between consecutive-day relocations, and index of movement, was leXss in winter than in fall and spring. We observed 3 of the winter-active bears primarily in pocosin-type habitat dominated by evergreen shrubs and vines and the 4th in an inundated cypress-gum swamp.X Preliminary analysis of scats, evidence of feeding activity, and visual observation indicated that bears were consuming fruits of greenbriar (Smilax spp.) and holly (Ilex spp.). Serum levels of ureaX nitrogen and creatinine for a 3-year-old female captured on 4 February 1985 were not indicative of a physiologically hibernating condition. Although occasional instances of nondenning behavior in blXack bears have been reported from areas with mild climates, the high frequency of winter activity we observed is unprecedented. Mild winter temperatures, lack of persistent snow cover, and diverse foX od items in the Great Dismal Swamp may by factors contributing to the high degree of bear winter activity. 50 x Bz'K~'K0 x Bz'K~'K$0 X x Bz'K~'K0 x Bz'K~'K0 x Bz'K~'K0 x Bz'K~'K0 x Bz'K~'K770ON~ YY mA mAQ Powell, Roger A.dBlack bear home range overlap in North Carolina and the concept of home range applied to black bearsd Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1987723Y5-242*Theoretical and empirical research indicates that territoriality is related to habitat productivity. Female black bears (Ursus americanus) exhibit intrasexual territoriality in northern NYorth America where habitat productivity is low. However, telemetry studies show that adult female black bears in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, where productivity is higher, exhibit considerableY home range overlap. This overlap was quantified using an index that weighs home range overlap by the extent that 2 bears share parts of their home ranges. Home range of adult females overlapped extYensively during each year and season. Females who reached sexual maturity established home ranges close to their mothers or took over their mothers' home ranges if their mothers had died. The importYance of sample size and statistical and biological independence of bear locations to home range analysis is unclear. z3 x Bz'K~'K3 x Bz'K~'KY+3 x Bz'K~'K780Z mA mAQBrody, Allan J.//Stone, Jeff N.RTimber harvest and black bear population dynamics in a southern Appalachian forestR Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19877243-2Z50*Habitat capability models are frequently used in long-term land management planning to evaluate the effects of management alternatives on wildlife populations. We believe that the relationshZips between timber harvest operations and black bear (Ursus americanus) population dynamics in the southern Appalachians make habitat capability models alone inadequate to predict long-term population!N~ MZ response to timber harvest. An explicit consideration of population dynamics is necessary. Most timber in the region is harvested by clear-cutting, which requires an extensive road system and subseqZuently increases the vulnerability of bears to hunters. We present a simple deterministic model in which habitat dynamics are linked to population dynamics in 2 ways. The 1st is through the classic Znotion of carrying capacity, the 2nd is through a vulnerability factor that depends on local road density, which is in turn a function of the amount of clear-cutting that has occurred. We simulate thZe dynamics of a bear population in a area of Pisgah National Forest under 3 management regimes that facilitate comparison of the effects of different rotation intervals on the population. We concludeZ that some timber harvest regimes may improve the biotic capability of bear habitat in terms of carrying capacity, but that these benefits may be easily outweighed by the concommitant increase in vulnZerability to hunting. Under present conditions hunting is a stronger influence on the population than is biotic habitat quality.  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Z 7K x Bz'K~'K790[ mA mAQ *Archibald, W.R.//Ellis, R.//Hamilton, A.N.*bResponses of grizzly bears to logging truck traffic in the Kimsquit River Valley, British Columbiab !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manag[e. !19877251-257*6To assess the impacts of log traffic on grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in Coastal British Columbia, the zone of hauling activity (zha) in the Kimsquit River study ar[ea was mapped using the sound levels (dB[C]) recorded at 25-m intervals along 200-m transects perpendicular to the road. The logging road bisected the home ranges of 2 adult female grizzly bears that-N~ \[ were intensively monitored by radiotelemetry. We obtained 2 years of prelogging information and 2 years of data during logging activity on how these bears used the zha. Two hypotheses were tested t[o assess the impacts of truck movement: (1) there would be no difference in the pattern of use of the zha by adult female grizzly bears during and not during disturbance and (2) there would be no diff[erence in activity patterns within the zha during disturbance among areas with different vegetative screen types and between areas with and without visual screens. Based on our information, hypothesi[s 1 was rejected, and hypothesis 2 was not. Additional information is presented that corroborates these findings. 7 x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K[( x Bz'K~'K800\ mA mAQ*,Mattson, D.J.//Knight, R.R.//Blanchard, B.M.,oThe effects of developments and primary roads on grizzly bear habitat use in Yellowstone National Park, Wyomingo !Int. Conf. Bear\ Res. and Manage. !19877259-273*Aerial locations of radio-instrumented grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) were used to analyze effects of human activity associated with developments and \primary roads on grizzly bear habitat use in Yellowstone National Park. Grizzly bear occupancy of habitat near human facilities was reduced, efficient foraging strategies were disrupted, and cohorts \tending to be subordinate or security-conscious were displaced into habitat nearer developments by more dominant cohorts, particularly during summer and fall. Adult females and subadult males residin\g closer to developments were management-trapped at a higher rate than animals of the same class residing farther away. Adult females and subadults bore a disproportionate part of costs associated wiN~N~ K\th avoiding roads and developments. For this reason and because adult females are generally thought to operate under considerable energetic duress in the Yellowstone area, avoidance of developments a\nd roads may have resulted in higher mortality and lower productivity among the adult female cohort. 6 x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x\ Bz'K~'K810] mA mAQ4"Hazumi, Toshihiro//Maruyama, Naoki":Movements and habitat use of Japanese black bears in Nikko: !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877275-279)Abstract not ]available.820^ mA mAQ>?Schwartz, Charles C.//Miller, Sterling D.//Franzmann, Albert W.?9Denning ecology of three black bear populations in Alaska9 !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877^281-291*Between 1978 and 1985, denning ecology of the black bear (Ursus americanus) was studied in the Kenai Peninsula, the Susitna River basin, and Prince William Sound, Alaska. All these p^opulations are near the northern extension of their range. In different years the mean number of days spent in dens varied from 189 to 233 days; the maximum time spent in a den by an individual bear ^was 247 days. Timing of emergence in the spring and entrance in the fall appeared most related to time of year and secondly to weather, snow accumulation and melt, and food availability. Bears in th^e more severe climate along the Susitna River entered dens almost 2 weeks earlier and emerged later than bears on the warmer Kenai Peninsula. Chronology of denning differed among pregnant females and^ other sex and age groups, but overlap occurred with all age and sex groups. Site selection, vegetation type, and den type (cave, tree, excavated) varied with area and was related to winter weather c-] z^onditions (rain vs. snow), soil type (deep vs. shallow and rocky), and topography of the areas (mountains vs. flats). Den morphometry was compared among areas. Denning chronology was compared with t^hat of other North American black bear populations and with current denning theory. : x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K^ 830_ mA mAQHFSchoen, John W.//Beier, Lavern R.//Lentfer, Jack W.//Johnson, Loyal J.FADenning ecology of brown bears on Admiralty and Chichagof IslandsA !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !_19877293-304*From fall 1981 through 1985, 58 radio-collared brown bears (Ursus arctos) were followed to winter dens on Admiralty and Chichagof islands in southeast Alaska. One hund_red twenty-one dens were located and their site characteristics described. Mean dates of den entry and emergence, 30 October and 2 May, varied between sexes and amoung years. Mean elevation and slop_e of 121 dens were 640 m and 35, respectively. Dens were at higer elevations and on steeper slopes on Admiralty Island than on Chichagof Island. Females denned on higher and steeper slopes than male_s. Admiralty Island bears preferred subalpine and alpine/rock habitats and Chichagof Island bears preferred old-growth forest for denning. On Admiralty, rock caves were the most frequent den type; o_n Chichagof, bears excavated dens most frequently under large-diameter Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) or in the bases of large snags. Mine development on Admiralty Island may have caused bears to av_oid certain denning areas. Industrial scale logging may reduce brown bear denning habitat in this region. Management recommendations for reducing the impact of human activity and resource developmep0` [_nt on denning brown bears are provided. <" x Bz'K~'K " x Bz'K~'K " x Bz'K~'K" x Bz'K~'KS_)" x Bz'K~'K840` mA mAQR,Kolenosky, George B.//Strathearn, Stewart M.,5Winter denning of black bears in east-central Ontario5 !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877305-316*One hu`ndred ten dens of 57 black bears (Ursus americanus) were examined in east-central Ontario from 1976 to 1980. Most bears denned within summer range bounderies. Entry dates ranged from 20 September to` 29 November. Denning sequence was yearlings, pregnant females, solitary females, females with cubs, adult males, and subadults of both sexes. Bears that fed on acorns denned later than non-acorn fee`ders. Eighty-nine percent of dens (N = 110) were excavations below ground level, and 84% occurred on well-drained upland sites. Dens of individual bears in consecutive years were similar. There was` no indication of den reuse. Cubs orphaned during the spring hunt constructed and lined dens similar to those of older bears. In 1 instance, a 2 year-old male was denned with an adult female and 2 ne`wborn cubs. Thirty-three percent of yearlings and 11% of subadults abandoned dens due to investigator disturbance; young males abandoned dens more frequently than females. Emergence extended from 23 `March to 1 May with a peak around 5-20 April. Males were the 1st group to emerge and females with cubs, the last. Adjustment of hunting seasons to harvest specific sex and age groups selectively durin`g the fall would be only marginally successful due to the lengthly den entrance period and overlap of entrance times among groups. During the spring hunt, females with cubs could be afforded greater O `protection by closing the hunting season earlier. ( x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Ky x Bz'K~'K850a mA mAQ\Manville, Albert M.KDen selection and use by black bears in Michigan's Northern Lower PeninsulaK !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877317-322*I locateda 51 different black bear (Ursus americanus) den sites (28 of males, 23 of females) in Michigan's Northern Lower Peninsula between September 1977 and March 1980. During the 3-winter period, 10 radio-taagged males denned in swamp habitat 24 times, lowland habitat 2 times, and upland habitat 2 times; 7 females denned in swamp habitat 11 times, lowland habitat 5 times, and upland habitat 7 times. Habaitat selection for den sites between sexes differed significantly (X. = 8.29, df = 2, P < 0.002). Of 31 dens visited on foot, 5 were unprotected snow "nests" lined only with vegetation, 17 were locaated in depressions or chambers under downed trees or root masses, 3 were in underground cavities, 1 was a nest next to a tree, and 4 were excavated under stumps. The den floor of 1 adult female with a2 cubs contained 2-3 cm of water. Dens of all bears except 1 male were lined with varying amounts of vegetation. The 3 most heavily used, and probably critical winter habitat types were swamp conifears (24 dens for males, 11 for females), upland hardwoods (2 dens for males, 7 for females), and lowland brush and hardwoods (2 dens for males, 5 for females). The average distance of dens from aa center of human activity was greater for males (X = 1.26 km), than for females (X = 0.55 km, P < 0.01). Two males denned close to active oil wells (X = 0.32 km), whereas 2 females denned near activeFv6f sa snowmobile trails (X = 0.08 km). The activity most disruptive to denning appeared to be human encroachment. Residential and commercial development increased during the study, including land-fillinga of swamps, construction of wastewater treatment facilities, and expansion of a gravel pit. # x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Kr x Bz'K~'a K860b mA mAQf7Garshelis, David L.//Noyce, Karen V.//Karns, Patrick D.7MYohimbine as an antagonist to ketamine-xylazine immobilization in black bearsM !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !b19877323-327*During May-July, 1981-85, 111 black bears (Ursus americanus) were immobilized with ketamine (x = 5.0 mg/kg) and xylazine (x = 2.0 mg/kg). Time from complete immobilizationb to recovery (walking) ranged from 22 to 140 min. We experimented with yohimbine (0.04-0.35 mg/kg) to counteract immobilization and thereby speed recovery. Eleven bears were given intramuscular injebctions of yohimbine, of which only 2 (18%) recovered within 10 min. In contrast, 35 bears were given intravenous injections of yohimbine, of which 31 (89%) recovered within 10 min (median = 5 min). Hbeart rates increased an average of 61% within 1 min of intravenous injections. Two bears that were immobilized with ketamine alone (10 mg/kg and 17 mg/kg) did not recover within 10 min after intravenbous injection of yohimbine, although their heart rates increased appreciably. These data suggest that yohimbine antagonizes the effects of xylazine but likely does not counteract the effects of ketamibne. We tested 3 dosages of yohimbine with respect to the dosage of xylazine (0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mg yohimbine/mg xylazine) and found no differences in recovery times. Also, no relationships were obw7g bserved between recovery times after yohimbine injection and the weight, age, or sex of the bear, dose of yohimbine given, time since immobilization (range 10-66 min), or the dose of ketamine given (rabnge 2.7-8.9 mg/kg). We conclude that an intravenous injection of 0.05 mg yohimbine/mg xlyazine provides a safe and effective antagonist to ketamine-xylazine immobilization in black bears. +b s x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K870c mA mAQp!Nelson, Ralph A.//Jones, James D.!$Leucine metabolism in the black bear$ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19877329-331*HMetabolism of the essential amino accid leucine was studied in 3 black bears (Ursus americanus) in February while the bears were denning and not eating or drinking and in May while they were eating and drinking normally. (U-14C) leucince was injected as a bolus intravenously, and timed samples of venous blood were obtained over an 8-day period. Total activity in plasma gradually increased in February and May, reaching a maximum at c12 hours. Total activity then gradually decreased to 50% of maximum after 8 days. Free 14C leucine in plasma disappeared after 8-12 hours. Although free 14C leucine was in plasma, traces of labeledc glucose, pyruvate, and lacetate were detected. In plasma proteins, activity was detected in the 1st sample at 30 minutes and gradually increased, describing a pattern similar to plasma total activitcy. Hydrolysis of plasma protein revealed that all counts were found in leucine. All 14C counts after 12 hours could be accounted for in labeled leucine. Leucine in summer and winter is rapidly recmoved from the plasma and incorporated into plasma proteins. Very small quantities of leucine are oxidized. Although plasma leucine is oxidized in winter, its level in blood plasma remains constant  9i)  cand similar to summer values. The data suggest that bears may synthesize this essential amino acid during dormancy. M x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Kc* x Bz'K~'K880d mA mAQz.rJamnicky, Blanka//Huber, Djuro//Roth, Hans U..8On serum chemistry of brown bears in Croatia, Yugoslavia8 !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877351-353*xBdlood samples were taken from 8 free-living European brown bears (Ursus arctos) from Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia, Yugoslavia, and 4 captive European brown bears fron the Zagreb Zoological Pardk; zoo bears served as a control group. Up to 13 serum chemistry parameters were measured from each sample. Results revealed that the capture procedure provoked an increase of creatine kinase, creatdinine, blood urea nitrogen, and serum urea. Creatine kinase was a very sensitive indicator of muscle damage. Free-living bears exhibited higher total lipid concentrations than captive bears, probabldy due to a more diverse diet. B x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K* x Bz'K~'K890e mA mAQSchroeder, Mark T.`Blood chemistry, hematology, and condition evaluation of black bears in northcoastal California ` Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19877333-e349* I used blood chemistry and hematology to evaluate the physical condition of black bears (Ursus americanus). Analyses were performed on 70 blood samples taken from 55 live-captured black beaers in the redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) region in northcoastal California. Blood parameters analyzed included calcium, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (dP eBUN) glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, total bilirubin, direct biliruben, alkaline phosphatase, GGT, SGOT, SGPT, LDH, sodium potassium, chloride, ferrous, total globulins, WBC, RBC, HGB,e HCT, MVC, MCH, and MCHC. Bears captured in Aldrich foot-snares, chased up trees with trained dogs, or immobilized with sedative darts while free-roaming had significantly greater (P < 0.01) WBC and eserum levels of uric acid, SGOT, SGPT, and LDH, and lower levels of inorganic phosphorus than bears captured in culvert traps. Male bears had significantly (P < 0.01) less MCH than female bears. Addeitional significantly different (P < 0.05) blood values between sexes suggest a differential stress response of females to immobilization and handling procedures. Adult bears had significantly (P < 0e.01) higher MCV, MCH, and serum levels of triglycerides and lower levels of alkaline phosphatase than subadults or cubs. Seasonal differences were observed for inorganic phosphorus, total protein, creeatinine, total globulins, MCH, and MCHC. These latter differences were probably a result of adult male capture bias in spring and subadult capture bias in fall. Six indices of physical condition were e developed. Each bear was assigned a condition evaluation index (CEI) value base on subjective assessment of body fat deposits, number and types of parasites, and pelage condition. Five physical cone dition ratio (PCR) values were calculated by dividing body weight by each of 5 somatic measurements (total length, girth, height at shoulder, head circumference, and head length). The CEI did not refe lect physical condition as well as the PCR values. The ratio body weight/total length (PCR-A) permitted objective physical condition comparisons between sex and age classes. These comparisons sugges^N~ e t relationships between and within sex and age classes based on intraspecific competition for available resources. Blood parameters significantly correlated (P < 0.005) with PCR-A (total protein, albe umin, total globulins, triglyceride, glucose, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCH, and MCHC) may be used to monitor the nutritional status of black bear populations under a variety of conditions. Y  ex Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'Kh  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K(  x Bz'K~'K900f mA mAQ8Tsubota, Toshio//Takahashi, Yoshiyuki//Kanagawa, Hiroshi8RChanges in serum progesterone levels and growth of fetuses in Hokkaido brown bearsR !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.f !19877355-358*?Serum progesterone levels in 5 female Hokkaido brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis) were determined from April 1983 to April 1985. Four females were mated with malefs, while the 5th female was segregated to serve as a control. The growth of fetuses in 2 females was monitored by ultrasonography at 10-day intervals during December and January. Serum progesterone flevels increased from basal levels of 0.4-1.1 ng/ml on day -300 (300 days before parturition) to higher levels at approximately day -210. The levels, which ranged from 1.6 to 5.4 ng/ml, were maintainfed until approximately day -60, when they sharply increased to 8.3-9.7 ng/ml. The levels then dropped on day 0 and remained ot 0.4-0.5 ng/ml between day 30 and day 90. Change in serum progesterone lfevel in the unmated female was similar to that of the mated animals. The images of fetuses in 2 bears were first observed on day -37 and day -33 when their crown-rump length was 1.5-2.0 cm. ThereaftN~>n $fer fetus growth was sigmoidal. The females carried 2 and 3 fetuses and had 1 and 3 cubs 1 month postpartum, respectively. < x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Kf/ x Bz'K~'K910g mA mAQVSwenson, Jon E.//Kasworm, Wayne F.//Stewart, Shawn T.//Simmons, Claire A.//Aune, KeithVPInterpopulation applicability of equations to predict live weight in black bearsP !Int.g Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877359-362*Body measurements and live weights were obtained from 3 black bear (Ursus americanus) populations in Montana. Although high correlation gcoefficients were usually found between log10 of weight and log10 of chest girth and between weight and a body size index (total length times chest girth squared), the regressions were significantly hgeterogeneous (P < 0.05) between males and females and between the females of 1 population and the other 2 populations. Interpopulation and sexual variations in the body proportions of black bears pregclude the development of 1 accurate equation for the species or even for the populations found in Montana; however, both the intercepts and the exponents of the chest girth and the log10 weight-log10 gchest girth equations were significantly correlated (P < 0.025) with the elevation of 8 study areas, suggesting that equations may be developed that are valid within elevational zones. D0 gox Bz'K~'K0 x Bz'K~'KG0 x Bz'K~'K920h mA mAQ8Servheen, Christopher//Kasworm, Wayne//Christensen, Alan8UApproaches to augmenting grizzly bear populations in the Cabinet Mountains of MontanaU !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Mana<l%U c,hge. !19877363-367*The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) in the Cabinet Mountains of Montana is threatened and the population may consist of as few as 15 individuals. Survivalh of this semi-isolated population depends on innovative habitat and population management techniques. Because potential for immigration into this population is low and the population is small, populahtion augmentation is being considered. Possible augmentation techniques include moving animals of selected age and sex from high-density areas into the area and cross-fostering captive-born grizzly bhear cubs to selected black bear (U. americanus) females resident in the area. Although the potential success of these efforts are not known, it is known that without such efforts, the survival of thihs population cannot be assured. # x Bz'K~'K# x Bz'K~'K*# x Bz'K~'K # x Bz'K~'K# h!x Bz'K~'K930i mA mAQ9Fies, Michael L.//Martin, Dennis D.//Blank, Gerald T. Jr.9EMovements and rates of return of translocated black bears in VirginiaE !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1987i7369-372*\From 1970 to 1984, 540 black bears (Ursus americanus) were trapped and released. Of the 540 bears captured, 240 were released at the trap site and 300 were translocated to diffierent areas. A total of 186 were recovered, most of them legally harvested by hunters. Trap, release, and recovery sites were plotted on topographic maps and a computer program was used to calculatei distances between map coordinates. Nonrelocated bears were recovered an average of 19.6 km from the area where they were trapped. Large males (> 136 kg) were recovered significantly farther from thGN~ J$4ieir capture locations (x = 38.6 km, P < 0.05) than other nonrelocated bears. Among translocated bears, females were recovered significantly farther (P < 0.05) from their capture site than were males.i Translocated bears were recovered an average of 58.2 km from original capture site and 27.7 km from their release location. Bears translocated more than 80 km were recovered significantly farther friom their capture site (x = 100.8 km, P < 0.05) than all other bears. Approximately 23% of the translocated bears were recovered within an angle defining the home direction. Twelve bears reached homei before being recovered. All bears that returned home were males. Results of this study suggest that relocation distances of less than 80 km are effective for relocating Virginia black bears. $ix x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K( x Bz'K~'K940j mA mAQ#Pharris, Larry D.//Clark, Joseph D.#!Arkansas black bear hunter survey! !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877373-375*Questionnaires were mailed to blackj bear (Ursus americanus) hunters in Arkansas following the 1980-84 bear seasons to determine participation, hunter success, and number of bears observed by hunters. Man-days of hunting to harvest a bjear ranged from 148 to 671 and hunter success ranged from 0.4% to 2.2%. With the exception of 1980, number of permits issued, man-days of bear hunting, and bears harvested appear affected by hunting jpermit cost. * x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K950k mA mAQWarner, Susan H.7Visitor impact on brown bears, Admiralty Island, Alaska7 !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877377-382*Human disturbance of brown bears>nN~ ,<k (Ursus arctos) was studied in the Pack Creek area of Admiralty Island in Southeast Alaska during the summers of 1983 and 1984. The Pack Creek watershed has been closed to bear hunting since 1934, bukt use of the area by bear watchers and photographers is increasing. Instantaneous scan sampling and focal animal sampling techniques were used to observe bears and visitors at a control area with negkligible human activity and at the popular Pack Creek area. Analysis of diel use of the 2 areas showed a crepuscular pattern for both the control and Pack Creek bears. Bears that are conditioned to hkuman food or highly habituated to visitors tended to use the Pack Creek area during the midday periods of high visitor use more than other bears. Over 80% of the observations of Pack Creek bears werek of female bears, suggesting that visitor use may differentially affect sexes. Bears that associated people with food showed levels of boldness that could lead to undesirable incidents. " kox Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K960l mA mAQMiller, Gary D..Field tests of potential polar bear repellents. !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19877383-390*BField tests of potential repellents were mlade on free-ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus) near Churchill, Manitoba, from 11 October through 12 November 1978. Polar bears were attracted to an observation/testing area with sardine baits at 1l1 sites. Commercial dog repellents and household chemicals were tested for their ability to keep bears from visiting baited sites, recording sounds were tested for driving bears from a baited site, alnd a loud freon horn was tested in seminatural encounters with the observer. Bears made 294 visits to the chemical sites, 55 visits to the acoustic site, and the freon horn was tested 31 times. Most5eN~ ?4Dl bears (81%) were repelled with the horn, but the behavioral reactions to the taped sounds varied. The chemical repellents did not prevent bears from visiting the baited sites, but bears spent signiflicantly less time at the treated sites than at untreated controls. Bears stayed at the control sites for an average of 420 sec (SD = 335 sec), but left the treated sites after an average of 98-317 secl (SD = 87-370 sec) depending on the chemical. K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K970m mA mAQ0Schoen, John W.//Lentfer, Jack W.//Beier, Lavern0iDifferential distrubution of brown bears on Admiralty Island, southeast Alaska: a preliminary assessmenti !Int. Conf. Bear Rmes. and Manage. !198661-5*Twenty brown bears (Ursus arctos) radio-tracked on Admiralty Island in southeast Alaska for 2-13 months were not uniformly distributed during summer in lomwer-elevation tidal and riparian habitats. These findings differ from the assumption of uniform summer distribution. Our data suggest that a segment of the population remains in upper-elevation intemrior regions and does not use anadromous salmon (Onchorynchus spp.) streams during the summer. j x Bz'K~'K j x Bz'K~'Ksj x Bz'Km`~'K j x Bz'K~'K"j x Bz'K~'K980n mA mAQPicton, Harold D.HA possible link between Yellowstone and Glacier grizzly bear populationsH !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !198667-10*0Grizzly bears (Urnsus arctos horribilis) have been observed in 5 of the 7 mountain areas that link the Northern Continental Divide (Glacier Park) and Yellowstone ecosystem grizzly bear populations in Montana. Thus the 3c <Lnse 2 populations, recognized by the Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan (U.S. Dep. Int. 1981) are possibly linked by a filter bridge. Portions of this bridge are not included in the Grizzly Bear Recovery Plann. Current data is analyzed to make specific estimates of the population potential of the bridge units. Each unit is evaluated with respect to extinction time, migration, and potential as a viable brnidge link using methods based upon biogeographic theory. This analysis suggests that these scattered observations should not be routinely classed as accidental and ignored as is currently the case. n| x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K990o mA mAQ!Trevino, Jose C.//Jonkel, Charles!&Do grizzly bears still live in Mexico?& Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1986611-13*EDITED DISCUSSION - p.12 - The evidoence we found (tracks, claw marks), the bear we observed, and our review of historical data suggest that grizzly bear may still be present in Mexico. Jonkel (1980) in his final conclusions and recommoendations, based on available data and a broad understanding of grizzly bear biology, concluded that "evidence is strong that grizzlies may persist in Mexico." We concur that grizzly bears may still oexist in Mexico. We base our conclusions on the following key points: 1) Brown bear populations elsewhere demonstrate a special ability to remain viable even though isolated and at low population leovels (Elgmork 1978). 2) The longevity of grizzly bears (20-25 years in the wild) and the relatively recent records of grizzly bears in Mexico means that a few survivors could still exist, even if a voiable population is not present. 3) Because of their remarkable ability to use cover, grizzly bears could survive without being detected. 4) Several likely areas for grizzly bears in Mexico have notBr~ DTo been studied. 5) Grizzly bear habitat is adequate and abundant in Mexico. Jonkel (1980) cited the remoteness and isolation of the area, the good quality and abundance of available habitat, and the ointelligence and wariness of grizzly bears as further evidence that grizzly bears may still exist in this region. Although no recent, confirmed records exist for vast areas of potential habitat, no soktudies have focused on these areas and disproved the existance of grizzly bears within them. 1000p mA mAQPulliainen, Erkki1Brown bear immigration into Finland from the east1 !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1986615-20*The dispersal of a brown bear (Ursus arpctos) population in northern Europe was studied from 1968 to 1982 with the help of the Finnish Border Patrol Establishment and local hunters. Bears immigrated to Finland in the 1970s and early 1980s pfrom the saturated Soviet Karelian population. Continued immigration from Soviet Karelia into Finnish Northern Karelia, Kainuu, and Koillismaa caused the bears to move through the inland areas of Finlpand, some crossing the entire country from east to west. Bears also appeared in the southeastern frontier area of Finland, and some immigration was recorded from the Kola Peninsula into eastern Finnipsh Lapland. From 1969 to 1981, 682 more bears immigrated to Finland, mainly from South Karelia, than emigrated. During this period at least 456 bears were killed in Finland; the number of bears in Fpinland thus increased by about 200 (to 300-350). The bears killed in eastern Finland were predominantly males, 64.1% in 1960-81, and the proportion of cubs killed was 17.8%. It is assumed that intrapspecific aggressiveness (leading especially to subadult dispersal) results in emigration, the males being more mobile than the females.  x Bz'K~'K  x 1a! EL\p?Bz'K~'Km x Bz'K~'K1010q mA mAQMcCullough, Dale R.kThe Craigheads' data on Yellowstone grizzly bear populations: relevance to current research and managementk Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1986q621-32*Various interpretations of the Craighead team data on Yellowstone grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) are reviewed. The Craigheads continue to favor a noncompensatory model thqat gives the greatest likelihood of population extinction with an increased mortality rate. McCullough (1981) found that recruitment of cubs and survivorship of juveniles were influenced by adult popqulation size. Stringham (1983) reached most of the same conclusions by different methods. McCullough (1981), Stringham (1983), and Shaffer (1978, 1983) all reported negative relationships between adqult population size (or adult males only) and percent of females producing litters and mean litter size. Time lags in the density-dependent effect of adults on cub recruitment were treated by Avrin (q1976) with slightly different results. All authors have emphasized the susceptibility of grizzly bear populations to overexploitation, although the impact varies with model assumptions. Shaffer (197q8, 1983) examined stochastic variables as they influence minimum viable population size. A congruence analysis was done for the McCullough (1981) model in which parameters were run in model simulqations to test model responses to observed results for the years of the Craighead study. This analysis reaffirmed the oscillatory behavior of the population and showed that oscillatory behavior decreqased as the adult mortality rate increased. Great fluctuations in population parameters make assessment of the current status of the population difficult. An alternate strategy of long-term populatio5e%U Tdq n monitoring and management based on a systematized aerial count of minimum unduplicated bears is proposed. Q x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1 q #x Bz'K~'K1020r mA mAQ%Picton, Harold D.//Knight, Richard R.%6Using climate data to predict grizzly bear litter size6 !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1986641-44*A 5-year doublre-blind test was conducted to test the predictive capability of a previously published (Picton 1978) regression (Y = 2.01 + 0.042x), which described the relationship between the litter size of grizzlyr bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and an index of climate plus carrion availability (climate-carrion index). This regression showed an efficiency in excess of 99% in predicting the observed grizzly berar litter size. The predictions made using the climate-carrion index had a mean absolute error of less than 25% of forecasts using other methods. The updated climate-carrion index regression, which irncludes all of the 16 years for which data are available, is Y = 2.009 + 0.042x (r = 0.78; P < 0.01; N = 16). We concluded that the climate-carrion index can be a helpful tool in predicting grizzly brear litter size. The relation of this information to the effects of the closure of Yellowstone Park garbage dumps is discussed.  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'r8K x Bz'K~'K1040s mA mAQKolenosky, George B.:The effects of hunting on an Ontario black bear population: !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1986645-55* The effects of hunter harvesst on a tagged sample of black bears (Ursus americanus) (198 males, 144 females) in east-central Ontario were investigated from 1969 to 1980. Hunters annually removed an average of 18% of available m)Iy  V\lsales and 10% of available females during spring hunts and 5% of available males and 2% of available females during fall hunts. During the 12 year period, hunters shot 32% of all tagged males and 28% osf all tagged females. Mean and maximum elapsed times between tagging and hunter kills were 2.1 and 6 years, respectively, for males and 3.4 and 11 years, respectively, for females. Males aged 2-6 yesars were more vulnerable than younger or older males. For females, 3- to 6-year-olds were more vulnerable than the younger or older age classes. Females older than age 6 appeared relatively invulnersable, as only 13 of 35 different bears at risk for a total of 292 years were harvested. Eight of those kills occurred during the final 3 years, when spring hunting pressure on the study area increasesd by 700% over the 1969 level. The frequency of movements >20 km between capture and kill sites was greater for males than females. More males (72%) than females (20%) were killed outside the study sarea. The major effects of hunting were to reduce population size and lower the mean age of captured males. The prolonged period of maturation for black bears in Ontario, and the increased vulnerabislity of adult females, with increased hunting pressure emphasized the need for conservative provincial harvest quotas. A x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Ks . x Bz'K~'K1050t mA mAQ$MLindzey, Frederick G.//Barber, Kim R.//Peters, Rockney D.//Meslow, E. CharlesM>Responses of a black bear population to a changing environment> !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Managet. !1986657-63*IBlack bear (Ursus americanus) population dynamics on Long Island in Willapa Bay, Washington, were monitored between 1973 and 1982. The population apparently grew froN~ Kdttm a small nucleus of bears present after major logging efforts stopped in 1968 to a peak of 33-36 bears over 1 year of age in 1975-76. Twenty-two bears remained on the island in the spring of 1982. tSuccessional changes in plant communities in clear-cut areas altered their food value to bears through this period. By 1976 female progeny were generally no longer accepted into the breeding populatiton and population productivity began to decline. Each of 5 radio-collared adult females raised young to 9 months of age in 1974 or 1975, whereas only 3 of 11 were successful in 1981 or 1982. Observattions of marked bears and ages of trapped bears also documented the decline in production. By 1980 some resident bears began to include parts of the mainland in their home areas. Changes in size, prtoductivity, and behaviors of this population illustrate the mechanisms employed by black bears in response to ephemeral habitats.   x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~t9'K- x Bz'K~'K1060u mA mAQ.&Grenfell, William E.//Brody, Allan, J.&;Black bear habitat use in Tahoe National Forest, California; !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1986665-72*AFour raduio-collared female black bears (Ursus americanus) were located 545 times durng 1979 and 1980. We evaluated bear habitat use in relation to dominant vegetation, canopy closure, crown diameter, and rotuten log density by comparing use to availability. Use of dominant vegetation types by bears was disproportionate to availability in all seasons, reflecting seasonal food availability. Wet meadows, huardwood, and manzanita habitats were seasonally preferred by bears, and we suggest that protection of these habitats is necessary to maintain the local bear population. ( x Bz'K~/_N~ l|u_'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K1070v mA mAQ8Young, D.D.//Beecham, J.J.,Black bear habitat use at Priest Lake, Idaho, Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1986673-80*EWe studied black bear (Ursus americavnus) habitat use patterns in northern Idaho from June 1980 to November 1981. Habitat availability was estimated with a random-dot technique and habitat use was determined from 676 radio locations of v9 adult bears (5 female, 4 male). Black bears preferred selectively logged areas during spring, summer, and fall; clearcuts were avoided during all seasons. Habitat selection differed significantly vbetween sexes. Female black bears preferred timber habitats and avoided roads; males used timber and roads in proportion to their availability.  x Bz'K~'K vGx Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1080w mA mAQB"Pelchat, Brian O.//Ruff, Robert L."VHabitat and spatial relationships of black bears in boreal mixedwood forest of AlbertaV !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19866w81-92*Habitat and spatial relationships of 47 radio-collared black bears (Ursus americanus) were studied in 1975 and 1976 on 218 km of boreal mixedwood forest in east-central Alberta. Mean wsizes of areas occupied by bears were larger (P<0.05) in 1976 when food was scarce than in 1975 when food was abundant; 102 km and 39 km in 1976 compared to 65 km and 19 km in 1975 for males and fwemales, respectively. Bears engaged 2 types of excursionary movements away from areas in which they were usually located. Short-range excursions occurred throughout the non-denning period, typicallyDtEu tw did not exceed 10 km in distance and 4 days in duration, and resulted in an expansion of areas occupied by bears when natural foods were scarce. Long-range excursions occurred during late summer andw fall each year, averaged 23 km in distance and 47 days in duration, and were apparently a response to annual changes in the distribution of preferred foods. Home ranges of females, exclusive of shorwt-range excursions, were generally stable in size and location each year regardless of food abundance. Scat analyses indicated the most important food-bearing plants were vetchling (Lathyrus sp.), wiwld sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides) and hazelnut (Corylus cornuta). Aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands were the most abundant wand important food-producing cover type because it contained foods eaten by bears during all seasons, whereas muskeg was the poorest food-producing cover type. Adult females selected aspen (P<0.05) aw nd avoided muskeg (P<0.05) when natural foods were scarce; use of cover types reflected availability when natural foods were abundant. No differences were evident in the use of cover types by femalesw with cubs and those without cubs. Adult males selected aspen (P<0.05) and avoided muskeg (P<0.05) each year regardless of food availability, and avoided jack pine (Pinus banksiana, P<0.05) when bluew berries were scarce there. DZ x Bz'K~'KZ x Bz'K~'K<Z x Bz'K~'KZ x Bz'K~'KZ xw Bz'K~'KZ x Bz'K~'KZ x Bz'K~'KZ x Bz'K~'KZ x Bz'K~'KZ x Bz'K~^N~ 8|w 'KZ x Bz'K~'KZ x Bz'K~'K Z x Bz'K~'KZ x Bz'K~'KVZ x Bz'K~'KwUZ x Bz'K~'K.Z x Bz'K~'K1090x mA mAQLHuber, Djuro//Roth, Hans U.THome ranges and movements of brown bears in Plitvice Lakes National Park, YugoslaviaT Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1986693-97x*Two European brown bears (Ursus arctos) were captured in Plitvice Lake National Park, fitted with radiocollars and tracked for 426 and 198 days. The home ranges used by these bears were 85 km anxd 50 km. Daily movements (N = 66) averaged 2.0 km (median = 1.6 km) and ranged from 0.4 to 6.2 km. These bears spent 37% of their time outside the Park boundaries, in areas where they may be hunted.x  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'Kg x Bz'K~'K1100y mA mAQV"Hazumi, Toshihiro//Maruyama, Naoki":Movements and home ranges of Japanese black bears in Nikko: !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1986699-101)Abstract not ayvailable.1110z mA mAQ`Taylor, Mitchell K.IMovements of Alaskan polar bears instrumented with satellite transmittersI !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19866103-104)Abstract not zavailable.1120{ mA mAQj$Mace, Richard D.//Jonkel, Charles J.$0Local food habits of the grizzly bear in Montana0 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19866105-110*MGrizzly bear (Ursus {arctos horribilis) scats were collected from 4 western Montana study areas from 1976 to 1979 to determine differences in food item selection. Fruit was important to grizzly bears in all areas althoug 3 ; {h the species consumed and the apparent degree of use varied. Globe huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare) was important to grizzly bears in the North and South forks of the Flathead River but was rarely {eaten in other areas. Domestic apples (Malus spp.) and plums (Prunus spp.) were eaten extensively by Mission Mountain grizzly bears. Grasses and sedges were a staple food to bears in all areas; vari{able use of Umbelliferae was found. The nuts of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) were eaten extensively by East Front grizzly bears only, and biscuit-root (Lomatium spp.) roots were dug to varying d{egrees in all areas. Yellow hedysarum (Hedysarum sulphurescens) roots were an important spring and autumn food to North Fork grizzly bears only. Horsetails (Equisetum spp.), clover (Trifolium spp.), {and dandelions (Taraxacum spp.) were important in all areas throughout the grizzly bears' active period. These data suggest that substantial local variation occurs in grizzly bear food habits in Mont{ana. These differences should be considered in land management plans that call for maintenance or enhancement of grizzly bear habitat.  x Bz'K~'K x {Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K{  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'KM x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'KI{  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K` x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  ^N~ m{ x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K8 x Bz'K~'K1130| mA mAQt:Judd, Steven L.//Knight, Richard R.// Blanchard, Bonnie M.:>Denning of grizzly bears in the Yellowstone National Park area> Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19866|111-117*Radiotelemetry was used to locate 101 grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) dens from 1975 to 1980; 35 dens were examined on the ground. Pregnant females denned in late October, and most other |bears denned by mid-November. Duration of denning averaged 113, 132, and 170 days for males, females, and females with new cubs, respectively. Males emerged from mid-February to late March, followed |by single females and females with yearlings and 2-year-olds. Females with new cubs emerged from early to mid-April. Den sites were associated with moderate tree cover (26%-75% canopy cover) on 30-6|0 degree slopes. Dens occurred on all aspects, although northerly exposures were most common. Grizzly bears usually dug new dens but occasionally used natural cavities or a den from a previous year.| Males usually dug larger dens than females with young. Eight excavated and 2 natural dens of the 35 examined dens were used for more than 1 year. 4 x Bz'K~'K |L x Bz'K~'Kf x Bz'K~'K1140} mA mAQ~;Wathen, William G.//Johnson, Kenneth G.//Pelton, Michael R.;ECharacteristics of black bear dens in the Southern Appalachian RegionE !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1986}6119-127*KDens of radio-instrumented black bears (Ursus americanus) were examined in the southern Appalachian Mountains from 1973 to 1982. Most dens were in tree cavities high above gr}Iy }ound. Entrance height differed among tree species with high entrances in yellow poplars (Liriodendron tulipifera) and low entrances in chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), red maple (Acer rubrum), and yell}ow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). Den tree species differed with elevation, macrotopography, and microtopography. Both tree dens and ground dens were characterized by high microtopograpic position. }Chestnut oaks and northern red oaks (Q. rubra) comprised 10 of 15 tree dens in the exterior of the study area. Extensive use of these 2 species indicates the importance of incorporating site provisio}ns into timber management plans in the Southern Appalachian Region.  (" x Bz'K~'K" x Bz'K~'K" x Bz'K~'K" }x Bz'K~'K%" x Bz'K~'K" x Bz'K~'K" x Bz'K~'K " x Bz'K~'K" x Bz'}K~'K" x Bz'K~'K" x Bz'K~'K" x Bz'K~'K" x Bz'K~'K1150~ mA mAQ%Barber, Kim R.//Lindzey, Frederick G.% Breeding behavior of black bears !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19866129-136*Movements of radio-collared black ~bears (Ursus americanus) were documented during the 1980 and 1981 breeding seasons on Long Island, Wash. Males and females were 1st found in association 21 May 1980 and 10 May 1981 with no associatio~ns documented after 5 July 1981 and 2 July 1980. The peak in breeding associations occurred between 12 and 30 June both years. Individual females were visited periodically by males for 4-7 week periDtN~ )~ods during the breeding season. Most associations were brief, lasting only 0.25-2 hours, presumably as males assessed the estrous stage of a female. These brief associations preceeded and followed e~xtended associations that lasted 2-5.25 days. These longer associations, believed to be the actual breeding period, were charcterized by the pairing of the female with 1 of the 2 dominant males (iden~tified through observations of male/male observations) and frequently the presence of 1 or 2 of the other males. In these situations the dominant male generally remained closest to the female during ~the entire period. The 3 most dominant males were associated with each of the 7 females without cubs in 1981. The 4th male was associated with 3 of the 7 females. ) x Bz'K~'K~[ x Bz'K~'Kv x Bz'K~'K1160 mA mAQSmith, Tommy R.RActivity and behavior of denned black bears in the Lower Mississippi River Valley R !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19866137-143*From 1979 to 1982, dormancy behaviors of black bears (Ursus americanus) were studied in a bottomland hardwood forest in Arkansas, an area with relatively mild winters. Mean activity level of radio-collared bears declined from 53% to 29% between mid-October and early December, before the denning period began. In 40 of 42 (95%) cases, bears denned for extended periods, ranging from 37 to 141 days. The transition to dormancy began before den entry, and a shift in behavior toward activity commenced before den emergence. Mean level of activity of denned bears (5.5%) was significantly lower than that of bears before denning (37%) and following den emergence (34%). Most activities of denned bears were momentary movements. Activity bouts occurred at a mean rate of 1.8/hour, but short bouts often a!QN~ ppeared in series and probably were parts of longer activity periods. Most bears observed in dens were in a hibernating posture and did not react to my presence. Nine of 14 cases of den abandonment were attributed to research activities, 4 to flooding, and 1 case was unexplained. The likelihood of den abandonment was related to the timing of disturbances in relation to den entry and to den type. Dormancy behaviors of black bears in Arkansas are similar to those reported in other portions of the species' range. Differential denning chronology and probability of den abandonment between geographic regions may be explained by phenological development and exposure of denned bears, respectively. 6 x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x  Bz'K~'K1170 mA mAQ8Hastings, Bruce C.//Gilbert, Barrie K.//Turner, David L.8ABlack bear aggression in the backcountry of Yosmite National ParkA Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19866145-149*Nine hundred and ninety-two interactions were recorded between black bears (Ursus americanus) and visitors in the backcountry of Yosemite National Park during 1978-79. Ursid aggression was observed in less than 6% of the interactions and less than 2% of the total bear behaviors recorded during those interactions. Running toward and jumping toward visitors constituted more than half of these aggressive behaviors. Age of visitors and distance between bears and people were 2 of the few factors correlated with bear aggression. Visitors usually responded to bear aggression with fear or neutrality. Understanding the circumstances in which black bears become agonistic can help park managers better prepare visitors for encounters. L  x Bz'K~'KR  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K1180CsN~  mA mAQ2Ayres, Lee Anne//Chow, Leslie S.//Graber, David M.2UBlack bear activity patterns and human induced modifications in Sequoia National ParkU !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19866151-154* DISCUSSION - pp.153-154 - Activity studies that found black bears to be crepuscular attributed this pattern to their avoiding midday heat (Garshelis 1978) while still using daylight for foraging (Eubanks 1976). Activity levels for bears in Great Smoky Mountains National Park were found to decline when temperatures exceeded 20 C (Quigley et al. 1979). If bears observed in this study were responding strictly to temperature levels, we would expect to observe increased or prolonged activity on cooler days. We detected no such relationship based on temperatures at the monitoring sites. Foraging constraints imposed by herbaceous matter of low digestibility and energy return, requiring 2 temporally separated foraging periods, have also been proposed as an explanation for the midday decline in black bear activity and the presence of 2 active periods (Garshelis and Pelton 1980). For nursing mothers, the absence of the normal midday decline is likely a function of demands imposed by cubs. Whether these demands are translated into increased foraging, time spent tending cubs, or in comfort movements we do not know. The commencement of ursine nocturnal activity in the campgrounds coincided with the decline in human activity and suggested that bears deviate from a diurnal schedule to minimize the chance of human harassment. A shift from diurnal to nocturnal activity schedules caused by hunting has been observed for game animals such as rabbits (Cloudsley-Thompson 1961). The extent to which this bear population has been perturbed as a consequence o^N~  f human food availability is unknown. It has often been assumed that all bears in the vicinity of campgrounds and similar sites use them as food resources. This was not true in our study area. Bear s observed foraging only on natural resources and never visiting campgrounds centered their activity away from areas of high human use, even though real distance to campgrounds was small and no physic al barriers prevented visits. Our occasional observation of agonistic interactions between bears in campgrounds during this study suggests that competitve exclusion may be involved in determining for aging habits and activity patterns in the vicinities of campgrounds or other centers of concentrated food resources. Particularly severe daytime competition in tropical forests has been considered as a factor responsible for the nocturnal habits of some tropical vertebrates (Cloudsley-Thompson 1980). Except in deserts, predation and food availability are probably the most important ecological factors in mammalian diel schedules (Enright 1970). Human intervention through food resource enrichment and harassment invoked a striking functional response in bears, revealing the plasticity of this species' behavior. Although bears do not always alter their behavior in response to human presence, the great disturbance caused in many instances is enough to justify concern. 1190 mA mAQ$Stelmock, Jim J.//Dean, Frederick C.$>Brown bear activity and habitat use, Denali National Park-1980> Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19866155-167*HBrown bears (Ursus arctos) were observed in 2 alpine areas in Denali National Park, Alaska, in 1980. The dispersion and variety of habitat types and seasonal changes in food availability influenced use of QN~ 0the areas by brown bears. The presence of mated pairs apparently excluded family units. Habitat use and activities of bears were influenced by the phenological development of crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), peavine (Hedysarum alpinum), horsetail (Equisetum arvense), polar grass (Arctagrostis latifolia), soapberry (Shepherdia canadensis), and availability of animal food items.   x Bz'K~'K   x Bz'K~'Kq  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'KT  x Bz'K~'K*  x Bz'K~'K1200 mA mAQ=Reynolds, Patricia E.//Reynolds, Harry V.//Follmann, Erich H.=@Responses of grizzly bears to seismic surveys in northern Alaska@ !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19866169-175*Responses of denning grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) to noise associated with winter seismic surveys and small fixed-wing aircraft were studied on the north slope of Alaska during the years 1978-81. Changes in signal amplitude and collar temperature were monitored in 4 bears denned near seismic lines. Heart rates monitored by implanted transmitters, were measured in 1 of these bears and in a 2nd bear not subjected to seismic exploration activities. None of the bears left their dens as a result of seismic exploration activities. In undisturbed midwinter conditions, heart rates of 2 denned bears ranged 12-26 beats/min, but rose to 30-50 beats/min for brief periods at least once or twice in 24 hours. Signal amplitudes and coller temperatures, monitored in 1 bear, did nJzN~ kot vary. During 3 days when seismic crews were working near 1 den, changes in signal amplitude and collar temperatures, accompanied by increases in heart rate to a maximum of 64 beats/min, indicated that the bear moved several times. Heart rates of 2 bears recorded during midwinter overflights were the same as those measured in midwinter from the ground in undisturbed conditions. About the time of emergence, heart rates were higher than those recorded in midwinter and during undisturbed resting behavior in mid-June. $ x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K׃2 x Bz'K~'K1210 mA mAQRoth, Hans U.//Huber, DjuroHDiel activity of brown bears in Plitvice Lakes National Park, YugoslaviaH Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19866177-181*We obtained 2,757 radiotelemetry activity readings, at 15-min intervals, from 2 brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Plitvice Lakes National Park. In late fall, while still with her family group, a yearling female was active during the day, but became nocturnal after her mother disappeared the following year. Her main rest period was from 0800 to 1600 hours, with a secondary rest period around midnight. An adult male followed a similar nocturnal schedule (Jul-Oct 1982 data only). Both bears were active 50%-60% of the time between July and October, 40% of the time in November and December, and 5% of the time in the winter den (Feb 1982, female only).] x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K% x Bz'K~'K1220 mA mAQ Camarra, J.J. ]Changes in brown bear predation on livestock in the western French Pyrenees from 1968 to 1979] Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19866183-186*(X~ -As a result of declining populations and habitat loss over the past decades, the Pyrenean brown bear (Ursus arctos Pyrenaicus) is limited to 2 isolated populations confined to remote areas of the Pyrenees. The remnant population in the western French Pyrenees is the largest and best known. Confronted with the lack of bear population data, we decided to analyze bear predation on livestock data recorded between 1968 and 1979 for insight into recent bear population size and trends. During the 12-year study we investigated 606 bear attacks in detail. The investigations were in response to farmer claims for compensation following acts of bear predation on livestock. During the study period, the number of attacks per year and the range of bear predations decreased gradually. This decline occurred throughout their range to varying degrees. This disparity was particularly marked west of the Aspe River in an area where human disturbance is great. f x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'KB x Bz'K~'K1230 mA mAQ0Herrero, Stephen//McCrory, Wayne//Pelchat, Brian0cUsing grizzly bear habitat evaluations to locate trails and campsites in Kananaskis Provincial Parkc !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19866187-193*Kananaskis Provincial Park (504 km) is part of a large outdoor recreation area, Kananaskis Country (approximately 5,200 km), near the city of Calgary (population 600,000). Kananaskis Country is undergoing major development for outdoor recreation. Recently, approximately $225 million have been spent on roading, trails, and facility construction. The alpine ski events of the 1988 Winter Olympics will be held within the area. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) historically ranged throughout Kananaskis Country. Today they are found in about 75% of the aM}N~ rea. To maintain grizzly bears and to provide for human safety, a transect method of rating grizzly bear habitat use and potential for use was developed and applied. Four examples are given where information collected in Kananaskis Provincial Park influenced locations of trails or campsites. The transect method is a rapid method of habitat evaluation but is subject to several limitations, which are discussed.  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1240 mA mAQ= 6 months telemetric data) was 150.4 km (SD = 96.6 km); for females, 68.9 km (SD = 64.0 km). Six adults made seasonal summer treks of 140, 105, 50, 47, 42, and 32 km from fall-winter-s pring home ranges, returning before denning.   x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K 0  x Bz'K~'K1320 mA mAQ(%Moir, William, H.//Huckaby, Laurie S.%ADisplacement ecology of trees near upper timberline A Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1994935-42*#Tree invasions into meadows near upper timberline reduce diversity of habitat and diminish high-elevation food sources for black (Ursus americanus) and grizzly (Ursus arctos) bears. How serious is this threat in view of future climate change? Tree invasions observed in the Pacific Northwest to New Mexico suggest that climatic restraints to forest expansion have relaxed since the end of the Little Ice Age. Because climate patterns are large-scale phenomena, geographic synchronicity in tree establishment might be expected if a warming trend began. When tree invasion chronologies from Canada to N&VN~ ew Mexico were compared, 2 synchronicities of climate and tree invasions appeared, indicating a possible climatic influence. However, forest retreat and meadow advance are also commonly observed at high elevations. The mechanism of retreat is usually fire followed by slow or unsuccessful regeneration of forest. There is no clear evidence based upon tree seedling chronologies that meadows will continue to be lost on the basis of climate change alone. Climate warming may set the stage for forest advance, but tree invasions are highly sensitive to local conditions. Concentrated grazing by domestic or wild animals in high-elevation meadows may trigger tree invasion by reducing competition to tree seedlings from established meadow vegetation. Prescribed fires or natural fires allowed to burn within prescriptions can be used as a tool for maintaining meadows and bear habitat under some of the projected climate change scenarios for western North America.F x Bz'K~'K F x Bz'K~'KF x Bz'K~'K F x Bz'K~'KvF x Bz'K~'K40 mA mAQFBarnes, Victor G. Jr.KBrown bear-human interactions associated with deer hunting on Kodiak IslandK Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1994963-73*I compared distribution and range of brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) with temporal and spatial distribution of Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) hunting activity on westside Kodiak Island, Alaska, to examine impacts of deer hunting on bears. Mean number of bears that annually ranged _ 5 km inland from the coast, or in both areas was 10, 8, and 11, respectively. Bears that exc=mN~ $lusively or seasonally occupied the coast zone were usually classed as having moderate or high potential to interact with hunters because most hunter access and effort (>95%) was via the coast. Bears that ranged exclusively inland were considered unlikely to encounter hunters. Animals that ranged in both zones often (39%) moved inland during fall (Oct-Dec) and most bears (70%) denned in the inland zone. Females that denned near the coast entered dens later (x = 22 Nov) than females that denned inland (x = 12 Nov). Two radio-collared bears were known to raid deer-hunting camps and 9 other marked bears were observed by hunters or were located <200 m from hunting camps. Deer-hunter surveys revealed that more than two-thirds of the deer harvest occurred during October-November. About half of the hunters observed at least 1 bear during their hunt. Seven to 21% of the respondents reported having a threatening encounter with a bear and 5-26% reported losing deer meat to bears. Human-induced mortality to radio-collared bears occurred more often near the coast (5) than inland (3); 7 bears were harvested by sport hunters and 1 was killed (nonsport) in a Native village. Deer hunters k illed 2 unmarked females in defense of life or property situations in the study area. High bear densities and concentrated deer-hunting activity combine to make conflicts unavoidable. Adverse impact s to bears can be minimized by maintaining low levels of human activity in inland areas and improving hunter awareness of bear ecology and behavior.2@ x Bz'K~'K@ x Bz'K~'KE@ x Bz'K~'K@ x Bz'K~'K@ x Bz'K~'K70*N~ , mA mAQXSchallenberger, Allen;Review of oil and gas exploitation impacts on grizzly bears; Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19804271-276*In Montana, the study of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and their habitat in areas proposed for oil and gas exploitation is in the beginning stages, with few base-line data available for predevelopment guidelines. A review of literature on grizzly bears indicates that exploration and development will be generally detrimental to the bears. Construction of roads into previously unroaded areas and increased use of the land by people appear to have the greatest impacts. Problems of man-bear confrontations in the Alaska pipeline experience include nonresidents' difficulties coping with resident wildlife species, illegal shooting of animals, attraction of animals to garbage at field camps, and harassment from aircraft and other motorized vehicles. Conflicts with grizzly bears prior to development of oil and gas must be determined in order to assess the effects of resource exploitation, including the cumulative influence of various land uses. Habitat essential for the survival of the grizzly bear must be identified and protected. If development occurs in areas of occupied grizzly bear habitat before adequate management data for grizzly bears are available, it should proceed cautiously, thus preventing irreversible damage to the habitat and bear populations. If full development is unavoidable, restrictions should be placed on road-building, exploration, wells, fuel production, and associated activities, especially at times when grizzly bears make heavy use of a locality.( x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K88VN~ ?$4 mA mAQOKnight, Richard R.@Biological considerations in the delineation of critical habitat@ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 198041-3*Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) require large areas to satisfy their needs for food, cover, and space. They thrive best where disturbance by man is minimal. It is not a coincidence that the two major grizzly bear populations in the lower 48 states exist in large wilderness systems closely associated with two large national parks and a relatively large game preserve. If management objectives for these areas do not change, and man-bear interactions can be kept low, viable grizzly bear populations can probably be maintained. Outside of the parks and wilderness areas, the picture is less clear. Grizzly bears adapt to some habitat modifications. The extent of their adaptability to habitat modification or human interaction is largely unknown. Answers to many pertinent questions will be slow in coming. In the meantime, management policies based on common sense rather than on adversary reactions among agencies are the best insurance of the grizzlies' survival. x Bz'K~'K  Ex Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K79 mA mAQdJacobsen, Robert D.0Legal aspects of critical habitat determinations0 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 198045-8*The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is the strongest legislation ever enacted to protect species faced with extinction. Section 7 of that Act requires all federal agencies to ensure that their actions do not jeopardize the continued existence of legally designated endangered or threatened species or result in distruction or modification of their critical habitats. Critical habitats are determined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service to ;N~ A,< delineate those areas of air, land, and water that are essential to the survival and recovery of listed species. Critical habitats are not refuges, de facto wilderness areas, or areas in which little on no activity can be undertaken. Rather, critical habitats are delineated so that federal agencies can be aware of the essential habitats of listed species and can take special care to plan and carry out their activities in ways that will not adversely impact endangered or threatened species or their habitats.  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'KO x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K Cx Bz'K~'Ke x Bz'K~'K100 mA mAQf*Schneegas, Edward R.//Frounfelker, Carl R.*SCritical habitat and other resource programs in relation to grizzly bear managementS Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 198049-11*1The Endangered Species Act (1973) and the classification of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) as "Threatened" (1 September 1975) directed the forest service to delineate critical habitat of the grizzly bear. Critical habitat is any area necessary for the maintenance and survival of a species during any part of its life cycle. Evaluation of resource programs in terms of their actual and potential impacts on the grizzly within its critical habitat boundaries is required, based on a good understanding of grizzly habitat components. Coordination among biologists, sociologists, and economists is a prerequisite to comprehensive grizzly management. The forest service believes that integration of grizzly habitat needs and resource programs is possible but that the final decisio 9iN~ 04Dn on a goal statement is societal. N  x Bz'K~'K   x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K102 mA mAQP#Dean, Frederick C.//Tracy, Diane M.#The bear bibliograpy project Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1980413-14*Over 6000 references on bears have been assembled, including published and unpublished materials. The FAMULUS programs are being used to produce and search files on brown and American black bears (Ursus arctos and U.americanus). As of July 1977, over 1000 references on each of these two species had been computerized. Effective searches by subject (based on title), author, date, and keywords (for about 5%) are possible. Draft review copies were distributed. Announcements of general availability and search costs will be made as soon as feasible. Work is continuing, although additional support will be needed for maximum productivity. |U x Bz'K~'KU x Bz'K~'KU x Bz'K~'K80 mA mAQWStuart, Thomas W.JExploration of optimal backcountry travel patterns in grizzly bear habitatJ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1980425-32*Trade-offs among backcountry management objectives were explored for the northern half of Glacier National park, Montana. Parametric linear programming was employed to quantify the trade-offs among 5 objectives, consisting of 3 measures of trail-related contact between grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and humans (dangerous, nondangerous, total), a measure of solitude at the backcountry campsites, and the volume of backcountry overnight use. Contact indices were developed for these measures of contact for 3 time periods for each of 85 trail segments in the study area. Optimal patterns of backcountry overnightJz&V p<L use were identified for various combinations of objectives within 2 management models. The first model minimizes all trail-related contacts between humans and grizzlies. The second model minimizes only dangerous contacts. Parametric linear programming is shown to be a powerful technique for dealing with multiobjective problems of the size and complexity considered in this study. lx Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K87 mA mAQ]Joslin, Gayle//Kapler, JaneFA computerized system for recording and recalling grizzly bear reportsF Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1980433-36*UReports of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) from throughout the Border Grizzly Area were collected, verified, coded, and stored in a computerized file called the base data bank. Each report included four primary categories of information -- report type, date, location, and source of information. Depending upon complexity, additional data were either stored in the base data bank using secondary information categories or were recorded verbatim in a narrative file that was cross-referenced from the base data bank. Applications of the system and its further development are discussed. Ŗp x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K$ x Bz'K~'K93 mA mAQc0Folk, G. Edgar Jr.//Hunt, Jill M.//Folk, Mary A.0)Further evidence for hibernation of bears) Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1980443-47*GTypical mammalian hibernators overwinter with low metabolism (0.01 normal), heart rate (7bpm), and body temperature (5C). There is some evidence that bears hibernate like typical small (50-500g) mammalian hibernatorszb" JDT. It is known that bears remain in winter dens for 4-7 months with very little movement and without food, water, urination, or defecation; they show a large reduction in heart rate and a small reduction in core temperature. To gain further evidence, we compared the unique EKG of typical hibernators with the EKG of bears with respect to season, activity , and dormancy. In this study, the EKG of 3 species of bears and of Marmota hibernators was recorded by implanted radio-capsule while they were in winter dens. The EKG of awake typical small hibernators is characterized by a reduced relaxation (QT) interval. It was determined that the 3 species of bears, when awake, also have a reduced relaxation interval (bears 0.14-0.23 second; marmota-species 0.07-0.14 second; man 0.39 second). This finding was interpreted as further evidence that bears are hibernators. Additional findings were that (1) the faster the heart rate of hibernators, the shorter is the relaxation interval; and (2) at a constant heart rate, the relaxation interval of both bears and typical hibernators when nondormant, changes from winter to summer. D<=sVSsoDThe reintroduction of orphaned grizzly bear cubs into the wild> Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 198042b~ 7369-372*?Several techniques can be ued to return captured orphaned bear cubs to the wild. They can be released immediately in suitable habitat, be adopted by another female with young, or be fattened and then released. The last technique was used successfully to return to the wild an orphaned cub obtained by the Border Grizzly Project of the University of Montana in 1975. The cub was fattened in captivity and released into an artificial den after being fitted with a radiocollar. She denned successfully nearby and survived the winter and early spring with no known problems. ?97 mA mAQ $Berns, Vernon D.//Hensel, Richard J.$+Radio tracking brown bears on Kodiak Island+ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1972219-25*jAs part of a continuing study on brown bears (Ursus arctos), the movement patterns and activities are described on the basis of 247 fixes obtained from 14 radio-equipped bears during the summer and fall seasons of 1967-69 at the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. The size of individual activity areas established by eight bears averaged 5.5 mi and four bears used two activity areas each that averaged 5.7 mi in size. Activities were associated with food gathering and winter denning. Fix frequency and location indicated that the 14 bears studied spent most or 50 percent of their time in lowland habitat..s x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K0 x Bz'K~'K12 mA mAQCurry-Lindahl, K.[The brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe: decline, present distribution, biology and ecology. x Bz'K~'K . x Bz'K~'K?. x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1972274-83)Abstract not available. 30E*Z~ E mA mAQBrooks, James W.!Infra-red scanning for polar bear! Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19722138-141*An airborne imaging infra-red scanner was tested for its ability to detect and record the presence of polar bears on the Chukchi Sea ice pack. The equipment and its manner of use is described. A monitoring oscilloscope failed to reveal bears, although scan data recorded on magnetic tape and subsequently transferred to film did reveal the presence of polar bears and their fresh trails. Additional testing under a wide range of weather and snow condit!ions appears warranted. 6 mA mAQHerrero, Stephen3Introduction to the biology and management of bears3 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1972211-18)Abstract not available. 4 mA mAQ Pearson, A.M. ZPopulation characteristics of the northern interior grizzly in the Yukon Territory, CanadaZ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1972232-35)Abstract not available.23 mA mAQPelton, Michael R.zUse of foot trail travellers in the Great Smoky Mountians National Park to estimate black bear (Ursus americanus) activity` x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1972236-42*The Great Smoky Mountains National park is a relatively inaccessible area. Only one highway dissects the center of the park, and most areas can be reached only by foot trail. Over 700 miles of trails are maintained in the park; of these, 310 miles are located on the Tennessee side. Beginning in April 1970, 10 routes (19 different trails covering 180 miles) on the Tennessee side were designated as `Index Trails' and used to determine black bear a3c?o~ Mctivity. From April through October 1970, these routes were hiked for a total of 2,363 miles. The exact location of each bear scat and bear sighting was recorded. Bear survey forms were distributed to backpackers using the trails for extended periods. Over 400 scat-locations and 150 live-bear observations were recorded. Information gathered indicated the distribution, areas of high-bear use, and seasonal onset, peak, and cessation of activity of the black bear. Density, food habits and movements, and solutions to some bear-person interactions are discussed.26 mA mAQWakefield, Gary C.FA summary of the black bear population characteristics in PennsylvaniaF Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1972243-52*Data available on the age structure of black bear (Euarctos americanus) in Pennsylvania are limited. During the 1967-1968 hunting season, skulls were collected and aged, using the canine tooth sectioning technique. Thirty-seven bears were successfully aged, the oldest being 20.75 years. The mean age of bears harvested during the 1967 season in Pennsylvania was 4.18 years with a standard deviation of 3.39 years. More female bears were killed during the 1967 season than in 1968. The age structure for the sample from the study area indicated a possible overharvest because it was highly skewed toward the younger age classes. An attempt was made to correlate bear age by sex with various skull and canine tooth measurements. This attempt met with limited success.3 x Bz'K~'KM x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K27 mA mAQ Martinka, Cliff J.*Reflections on the recent history of bears* Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 199491-5*sDuring the 25 years from 1967 to 1992, public inx8h terest and environmental laws stimulated conservation efforts and provided a rationale for expanded scientific efforts relating to bears. As the years progressed, field technology advanced rapidly and knowledge emerged as a powerful conservation tool. A survey of colleagues with a professional interest in bears resulted in a reading list of 11 technical publications that were considered important contributions to the literature for the period. Historical trends are used to envision future conservation based on the concept that bears and humans are biological competitors.s10 mA mAQGreer, Kenneth R.-Grizzly bear mortality and studies in Montana- Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1972253-66* The former and present status of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) mortality in Montana is reviewed. Laws revived in 1967 provide an accurate documentation of the grizzly harvest. Commission regulations permit recovery of specific samples from grizzlies, harvested by hunters, for scientific purposes. Grizzly heads are obtained and examined before being returned to the hunter. Some illegal and maurauding grizzly bears are taken each year in Montana. These complete specimens are handled jointly with the Veterinary Research Laboratory. The known man-caused mortality (including hunters) of grizzly bears in Montana during 1967, 1968, and 1969 was 41, 28, and 48, respectively. Hunters harvested 24, 12, and 33 grizzlies for the respective years of 1967, 1968 and 1969. Female grizzlies represented 39 percent of the hunter harvest in 1969, 25 percent in 1968 and 35 percent in 1967. Internal parasites recovered from grizzly carcasses included: porkworm larvae (Trichinella spiralis), large roundworms (Baylisascaris transfuga), tapewormsSCs { (Taenia sp. and Diphyllobothrium sp.) and hookworms (Unicaria sp.). Trichinella was the most frequent parasite and occurred in 79 percent of the grizzlies in 1968 and 67 percent in 1969. Routine testing for brucellosis and leptospirosis was negative. Analysis of fat samples from 10 grizzly bears revealed only one had a pesticide residue and that was a trace of DDE and 0.06 ppm of heptachlor epoxide. The regular appearance of grizzlies in the West Yellowstone dump is a potential danger to humans.  / x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K ~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K 28 mA mAQ Kemp, G. A. =Black bear population dynamics at Cold Lake, Alberta, 1968-70= Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1972226-31*6A black bear (Ursus americanus) population study was initiated near Cold Lake, Alberta in 1968. In the three succeeding years, 108 individual bears have been captured 210 times. Mean estimates of the population on the 80 mi study area have been 78 in 1968, 79 in 1969, and 78 in 1970. Sex ratios of trapped subadults and in adults in 1968 and 1969 did not differ significantly from a theoretical 50:50. Significant differences in the adult cohort in 1970 were probably due to differences in mobility; the males ranging considerably more than females. The age composition of the black bear population did not differ significantly o/N~ ]from other unhunted bear populations. A time-specific life-table analysis disclosed that mortality rates were 26.7% in cubs, 36.7% in yearlings, 37.5% in 2-year olds and 12.5% in adults. p x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K18 mA mAQKistchinski, A. A.GLife history of the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in North-east Siberia   x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1972267-73*@By `North-East Siberia' we mean the Pacific regions including northern coasts of the Okhotsk Sea, Kamchatka, the Koryak Highlands, the Anadyr Drainage, and the Chukotsk Peninsula. The brown bear is abundant here, and in some areas is more numerous than anywhere else in Eurasia. Detailed special ecological studies on the species have not been undertaken in the area and this paper is a summary of our present knowledge, based on the author's own experience as well as on other studies (Portenko 1941, Averin 1948, Portenko et al. 1963, Lobatchev 1966, Ostroumov 1969, etc.).  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K. x Bz'K~'K29 mA mAQXLentfer, Jack W.//Hensel, Richard J.//Miller, Leo H.//Glenn, Leland P.//Berns, Vernon D.X/Remarks on denning habits of Alaska brown bears/ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. =19722125-132)Abstract not available.5 mA mAQ+Craighead, Frank C. Jr.//Craighead, John J.+YData on grizzly bear denning activities and behavior obtained by using wildlife telemetryY Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1;972284-106)Abstract not available. 31Hx3c&V I mA mAQ1Folk, G. Edgar Jr.//Folk, Mary A.//Minor, Judy J.1@Physiological condition of three species of bears in winter dens@ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19722107-124*A. Winter dormancy of the black and grizzly bear is characterized by a slow heart beat or bradycardia more prolonged than that found during the dive of marine mammals. B. This dormancy of the black and the grizzly bear seems fairly complete with few of these two species active in midwinter. During this period of dormancy, for nearly six months in Alaska, these animals do not urinate, defecate, eat or drink. In a sense their dormancy is more complete than that found in the typical mammalian hibernator which reduces his body temperature and metabolism, but awakens sporadically every four to ten days and may, then, eat, drink, urinate or defecate. C. Two male polar bears demonstrated that they too have the capacity to reduce physiological functions in midwinter. This was much harder to prove in these animals than in the other two species. Evidence is cited that many polar bears cannot prepare for this period of dormancy by laying down subcutaneous fat. This probably prevents them from taking on this period of dormancy, although it is quite possible that at least for a month at a time even on the Polar Ice Pack, bears may make use of their ability to reduce heart rate and perhaps body temperature and metabolism. D. The test of the configuration of the EKG pattern has been applied to three species of bears; this pattern appears to be more like that of mammalian hib;ernators than like that of other types of mammals.3 mA mAQ Larson, Thor 3Norwegian polar bear hunt, management and research 3 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19722159-164*More than 8,000 polar bears have been kilN~ 9led in Svalbard (Spitsbergen) since 1945. New hunting regulations were enforced on 1 September 1970. Long term ecological and physiological polar bear investigations started in 1964. Of 103 bears marked, there have been reported 33 kills and 2 resightings. Various observations suggest a common Norwegian-Russian polar bear population in the Berents sea. An evaluation of various estimates suggesKt a total world population of polar bears close to 20,000 animals.8 mA mAQTJonkel, Charles J.//Kolenosky, George B.//Robertson, Richard J.//Russell, Richard H.T*Further notes on polar bear denning habits* Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19722142-158*Polar bears construct maternity dens in the snow throughout their range. The Owl River maternity denning area on the Manitoba coast of Hudson Bay, Canada, had a measured productivity of 100-150 cubs in 1970 and 1971. Maternity denning is now confirmed for the Twin Islands in James Bay, but estimates of productivity for James Bay and the Ontario coast of Hudson Bay should still be made. Female polar bears build a variety of dens in the vicinity of their winter dens and along their route as they move to the sea ice. This makes the censusing of maternity dens and estimating of productivity difficult. The winter dens in Hudson and James bays differ from high artic dens in that earth chambers are used, with snow dens added as winter progresses. Summer denning occurs along the Manitoba and Ontario coasts of Hudson Bay, and on the islands in James Bay. Surface pits, shallow dens and deep burrows are the three basic types of earth dens built. All three types appear to be constucted for temperature regulation by the bears, but each type is sometimes used later for shelter, protection from insects, protection from other bears or for winter dens. These behaviouralAq ' adaptations appear significant in delineating a discrete polar bear population for James Bay and southern Hudson Bay.7 mA mAQ Lentfer, Jack W. Polar bear-sea ice relationships Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19722165-171)Abstract not available. 9 mA mAQ "Kistchinkski, A.A.//Uspenski, S.M.";Immobilization and tagging of polar bears in maternity dens; Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19722172-180*In the spring of 1969 and 1970, 12 female bears were immobilized in maternity dens (Wrangel Island) with the help of powder syringe guns and the drug Sernylan. The procedure was as follows. On finding the den we covered the exit with snow and dug a `well' 20-30 cm in diameter over the place where the entrance branches from the room of the den. Through this well the female bear was shot by the syringe into the muscles of the head or neck. The best dosage of Sernylan was 1.2-1.8 mg per 1kg of body weight; the total dosage for a female of usual size was 250 mg. A mixture of 2.5 cc of a 10% water solution of Sernylan with 2.5cc of ethyl alcohol is most convenient for low temperatures. Duration of a latent period is usually 8-10 min.; immobilization lasts 8-10 hours. The reaction of an animal to the drug is described. Female bears were tagged with ear tags (metal and colored plastic), and red figures were painted on their flanks or backs. All the experiments on immobilizing by Sernylan were a success. Having recovered, female bears left their dens at once or stayed near the den for about a day. An attempt to immobilize a female bear with myorelaxin was unsuccessful. 10 mA mAQ!Stonorov, Derek//Stokes, Allen W.!(Social behavior of the Alaska brown bear( Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19722232-242)Abstract not available.16-]M  mA mAQ "Free, Stuart L.//McCaffrey, Eugene"/Reproductive synchrony in the female black bear/ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19722199-206)Abstract not available.  13 mA mAQ,Burghardt, Gordon M.//Burghardt, Lorraine S.,YNotes on the behavioral development of two female black bear cubs: the first eight monthsY Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. <19722207-220)Abstract not available.14 mA mAQHerrero, StephenAspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallus) and brown and grizzly bears (U. arctos Linne') of North America= x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K& x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19722221-231*HCertain behavioural, ecological, morphological, and physiological differences between grizzly/brown bears and black bears are related to the different habitats favored by each species. It is suggested that care of black bear cubs and hence reproductive success for black bears is tied to the forest biome, and that the grizzly/brown bear in branching out from the forest onto non-treed areas such as tundras, grasslands and prairie edges, gained rich new food sources, but also became more aggressive than the black bear, a behavioural adaptation t-o the cub care in this new habitat.H15 mA mAQ !Uspenski, S.M.//Kistchinski, A.A.![New data on the winter ecology of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps) on Wrangel Island2c x Bz'K~'KcHCs . x Bz'K~'Kc x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19722181-198*Winter ecology of the polar bear was studied in March-April of 1969 and 1970. About 190 maternity dens were found. The dens' distribution is different in different years and it probably depends on the ice conditions of the previous autumn. Dens may be up to 25-27 km. from the sea (usually not more than 8-10 km.) and are often in groups of 2-5 on a slope, 8-12 m from each other or even closer. The location and the structure of dens, and behaviour of female bears and cubs during the denning period and after leaving den, are described. Bear families spend from 0.5 to 7 days in an opened den. Killing and eating of cubs by females have been recorded. The average litter size in 1969 was 1.85 and in 1970, 1.68. Triplets have been extremely rare in recent years. The weight of cubs at time of den breaking is from 4.5 to 12 kg. The time of den breaking is evidently determined not only by the age of cubs, but by external conditions as well. A mass emergence from dens took place between 20th March and 5th April one year and at much the same dates in other years. Non-breeding bears are common in waters around Wrangel Island, mainly near Blossom Cape, especially at the time of seasonal movements. Counts of female bears breeding on the island were carried out; census methods are discussed in detail. The best method is the counting of opened dens from aircraft at the beginning of April, in good weather. The number of female bears breeding Von the Wrangel Island in the winter of 1969/70, was estimated to be 180-200.11 mA mAQu x Bz'K~'K u x Bz'K~'K u x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743391-402)Abstract not available. 65 mA mAQ@8Glenn, L. P.//Lentfer, J. W.//Faro, J. B.//Miller, L. H.8PReproductive biology of female brown bears, (Ursus arctos), McNeil River, Alaska-r x Bz'K~'K r x Bz'K~'Kr x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743381-390*yThe Alaska Department of Fish and Game marked 21 female brown bears at McNeil River on the upper Alaska Peninsula to obtain life history information. Data were obtained in July and August in most years from 1963 through 1974. Some females experienced first estrus at 3.5 years, but did not conceive until older. First successful breeding occurred most commonly at 4.5 years. The oldest McNeil River female known to produce cubs conceived when 14.5 years old. The normal interval between litters was 3 years. Litters contained 1-4 young. Mean size of 41 litters of cubs was 2.1 and of 69 litters 1.5 and 2.5 years old was 1.8. y645eB $ mA mAQ:Uspensky, S. M.//Belikov, S. E.&Research on the polar bear in the USSR& Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743321-323)Abstract not available.58 mA mAQ9Slobodyan, A. A.*The European brown bear in the Carpathians* Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743313-319)Abstract not available. 57 mA mAQ8&Sharafutdinov, I. Yu.//Korotkov, A. M.&2On the ecology of brown bear in the southern Urals2 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743309-311*Abstract not available56 mA mAQ7 Roth, H. U. =Status of the last brown bears of the Alps in Trentino, Italy= Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743307-308*.ABSTRACT ONLY - Less than 1,000 years ago, brown bears, Ursus arctos L., were found throughout most of continental Europe, but today only remnant populations occur in small and isolated areas. Although mountainous regions typically form a last stronghold for the bears, they were exterminated from the greater part of the Alps during the 1800s. Only two small populations survived by 1900, one in the French Alps and one in the Italian Alps. Those of the French Alps disappeared before World War ll, whereas, in Italy, one small group still remains in the Alpine province of Trentino. These bears are extremely shy and nocturnal, so to obtain information on their status and biology we used indirect methods such as measuring tracks, counting scats and interviewing local people. In order to obtain an adequate coverage of the 1640 km study area which includes the entire bear range, interviews for mapping purposes were based on a stratified sampling plan using the Communities--which also conform to hunting management ub"Rl ,nits in the Trentino--as spatial strata. A frequency was used of one interview per 10 km community area. All personal observations of bears or their signs (tracks, scats) were located on a map by persons interviewed, mostly hunters. We tried to use objective mathematical-geometrical procedures to convert the resulting 'point-maps' into 'area-maps' showing areas of different bear-use intensities. Two maps for the periods of 1913-1966 and 1967-1970 were prepared on the basis of 654 observations. These maps suggest total bear range (outermost observations connected) had decreased a relatively unimportant 20 percent, but that heavily used bear-range had decreased a substantial 75 to 90 percent. These maps and other data (calculated population indices based on sighting frequencie s for sub-areas) suggest that bears actively concentrated in the northeastern corner of the Trentino bear area (Val di Non) during the 1960s. Tracks and direct observations provided a minimum pop ulation estimate of eight bears for 1969, including a female with two yearlings (or two-year-olds), a female with a single yearling, a female with at least one cub, and a minimum of one single bear. A figure of about two additional single bears, which makes a total of ten animals, is probably a more realistic estimate. Additional data from Daldoss (1973 and pers. comm., Sept. 1974) suggest a sta ble population since 1969. These bears have adapted remarkably well to this densely populated region. They make extensive use of the partly abandoned orchards along the lower edge of the mountain forests during fall. I have found tracks and scats as close as 50 m to an occupied farmhouse, but only very rarely are they discovered further than 25 m from the forest edge. The local people are ^N~ $4often unaware of these night visitors. Our information indicates that poaching is the primary factor causing a decline in the bear population of the Trentino. Using the Petersen-Lincoln index as a procedure, and a list of illegal bear killings compiled independently by Marti (1969), we estimated an average of 2.2 bears killed annually from 1939, when the species was fully protected, to 1970. In the Cantabrian Mountains of Spain a similar situation prevailed after World War ll. Poaching was slowly exterminating a small brown bear population. After the establishment of a special bear reservation of 879 km and extensive patrols by 12 game wardens, the bears increased to about 70 (Notario 1964). It seems that similar action is necessary to save the bears of the Italian Alps. z8 x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K55 mA mAQ6 Kaal, Mati XEcology, protection and prospect of utilization of the brown bear in the Estonian S.S.R.X Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743303-306)Abstract not available.54 mA mAQ3Grachev, Yu. A.6Distribution and quantity of brown bears in Kazakhstan6 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743299-300) *D EDITED DISCUSSION - pp. 299-300 - The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is found throughout the territory of Kazakhstan to the Tien Shan border along the ridges of the Ugam, Pskem, Kirgiz, Talaz Alatau, Zailiy Alatau, Kungey Alatau, Ter Alatau, Ketmen, Dzhungar Alatau, Saure, Tarbagataye and Southern Latay regions. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, the bear was established in pine forests of the Kazakh fo1aN~ ,<othills and piney ravines of Northern Kazakhstan where they are now absent. We counted bears from 1971-1973. The counting method was based on visual observations (binoculars) in the early morning and in the hours just before sunset-the times at which they are most active during the daylight hours. The forest mass in the mountains is rarely uniform; it exists as islands, bands, or very much more thinly on the slopes of ravines which can be sufficiently well observed from an opposite side. In thick areas, where observation is difficult, we recorded signs of bear activity-remains of meals, excrement, etc. The bears were counted in well-defined territories during the course of several days. Data on their population density was extrapolated afterwards for mixed forest and mountain territories. According to data for southern Altay, in a forest area of 1,780,000 ha we counted about 440 bears (an average of 0.25/1000 ha); in the Western Tarbagatay (480,000 ha)-105 bears (0.22/1000 ha); in the Dzhungar Alatau (833,600 ha-314 bears (0.37/1000 ha); and in the Kungey Alatau (100,800 ha)-5 bears (0.04/1000 ha). In the Zailiysk Alatau territory bears were rarities-largely confine d to Alma-Ata forest reserve (valleys of the rivers Talgar and Issyk). In the western part of this range and the Kirgiz Alatau bears were also few in number. Bears are common in the territory of the Aksu-Dzhubaglin forest reserve and also along the Ugama, Pskem and Chatkal'sk ridges. In all, the mountains of Kazakhstan contain about 900-1000 bears. In general, numbers are highest in regions re mote from human settlement. In comparison with mixed regions, the number of bears is markedly higher in the Southern Altay and Dzhungar Alatau. In the Southern Altay this bear is plentiful in region^N~ U4D s lying east of Lake Markakol', the valleys of the rivers Chernaya and Belaya Bepel', Yzaovaya, Kurtynskaya, and in the Dzhungara Alatau-on the northern forested slopes of the ridges and basins of the rivers Tentek, Baskanov and Aganakta. Here we often observed 4-6 bears per day, and on some days up to 10 solitary bears and females with cubs. At present, bears are encountered rarely in the Ketmen, Kungey Alatau, or Terskaya Alatau, the fields of which have been used intensively to graze cattle for the last 20 years. Lumbering and construction activity has also driven the bears away. The land area is controlled and poaching is common. 2 x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K51 mA mAQ=ACraighead, John J.//Varney, J. R.//Craighead, F.C.//Sumner, J. S.A3Telemetry experiments with a hibernating black bear3 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1976335,7-371)Abstract not available. 61 mA mAQ<Vereschagin, N. K.8The brown bear in Eurasia, particularly the Soviet Union8 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743327-335)Abstract not available. 60 mA mAQ;Ustinov, S. K.=The brown bear on Baikal: a few features of vital activities= Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743325-326)Abstract not available.59 mA mAQ52Jonkel, Charles//Stirling, Ian//Robertson, Richard2#The popular bears of Cape Churchill# Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743301-302* ABSTRACT ONLY - Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) have been abundant along the Manitoba coast of Hudson Bay throughout historic times, and apparently this species contributed considerably to the economy of coastal native pe = 9~ <Loples within and north of the treeline. The closure of the York Factory settlement at the mouth of the Nelson River in 1957, the organization of Registered Traplines in Manitoba during the early 1950s, and the concurrent cessatin of military manoeuvres at Ft. Churchill, all provided increased protection and decreased killing of the bears. Apparently in response to this, as well as to a decrease in the hunting of ringed seals (Phoca hispida)-the main food supply of polar bears-, the number of bears on Cape Churchill rose rapidly during the 1960s. Little was known of their biology and abundance when each autumn they began to appear in large numbers within the four settlements near the mouth of the Churchill River. A situation rapidly developed wherein law enforcement officers and residents were required to kill 10 to 15 bears annually to protect themselves. During 1966 to 1968 one or two persons were attacked or killed each year, workers required guards and transportation from door to door when ending night shifts during October to December, and a strong dislike for the bears precipitated the tormenting or shooting of bears with small calibre rifles. R.C.M. Police officers were frequently replaced on the force, and therefore had little experience in controlling the bears. In 1966, a study of the problem and of the Cape Churchill bears was begun by the Canadian Wildlife Service. In 1966 and in 1969, two of the garbage dumps where the bears concentrated were closed down on the basis of this research and on experience with other species of bears elsewhere. A public education project was begun to inform people about ways to avoid conflict with the bears, and various attempts at fencing, burning of garbage and improving the garbage pickups were made. I^N~ HDT n 1969, the provincial government assigned Game Management Officers to the area to provide a 24 hour patrol, culvert traps were sent to Churchill for catching and shipping problem bears, and the Feder al Department of Public Works began burying the garbage with sand. Funds were allocated for the construction of an incinerator, but work on it did not begin. During 1970 through 1973, the patrol s by game officers kept an uneasy control over the bears, and research confirmed emphatically that the existence of the garbage dumps contributed substantially to the problem of the polar bears staying in or near the settlements. The Game Officers determined in 1971 that they had little recourse but kill a large number of problem bears addicted from year to year to the garbage dumps. However, a temporarily arranged air lift of 24 problem bears to 250 km southeast of Chruchill in that year by a private organization, and an early freeze up of Hudson Bay in 1972 and 1973, helped the officers to control the bears. Completion of an incinerator late in 1973, promised to control the problem in the future, but adjustment problems, associated with bears accustomed to returning to Churchill each autumn, the storage of bait by resident trappers, and garbage pickups, are expected. A complete biological report on the Cape Churchill bears is now in preparation, and this history of the bears and the bear problems will form the introduction to it. & x Bz'K~'K& x Bz'K~'Kc& x Bz'K~'K & x B<z'K~'K & x Bz'K~'K53 mA mAQ>,Folk, G. Edgar Jr.//Larson, Anna//Folk, Mary,Physiology of hibernating bears Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743373-380*It has been an accepted premiN~ !L\se by some biologists that the three species of North American bears (polar, black, and grizzly) do not experience mammalian hibernation. The conclusion of this paper, based upon an eight-year study of bears, is exactly the opposite. We believe that the hibernation observed in bears is an example which in the evolutionary sense is more perfected than that of small mammals; furthermore bears mainetain their modified state for a much longer period than is the case with any other mammal. 62 mA mAQ1Zavatsky, B. P.8The use of the skull in age determination of brown bears8 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743275-279)Abstract not available.49 mA mAQ2 Elgmork, Kre SA remnant brown bear population in southern Norway and problems of its conservationS Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743281-297*Except for one small isolated population the brown bears in Norway, Ursus arctos arctos L., consisting of probably less than 25-50 individuals, are connected with populations in neighbouring countries. The isolated population is situated in a restricted area less than 100 km to the north-west of Oslo in a rugged forest-alpine area which has been under increasing pressure from human activities, mainly forestry and tourism. The population and its habitat have been under observation since 1949. There is a clear tendency towards a gradual decrease in numbers and a shift in distribution. Reproduction has taken place, but was evidently reduced to a very low frequency, if any, in the 1970s. Direct depletion by hunting has been insignificant. The deterioration of the habitat caused by human activities is most likely the main reason for the reduction. A plan for the conservation of this bear population was proposed in 1966, but so far few steps have been taken to preserve the bears a)Y Tdnd its habitat. D x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K50 mA mAQ/3Varney, Joel R.//Craighead, John J.//Sumner, Jay S.3OAn evaluation of the ERTS-1 satellite imagery for grizzly bear habitat analysisO Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743261-273*DISCUSSION - pp. 271-272 - The results of this preliminary investigation show that ERTS-1 multispectral scanner imagery can be of value in habitat analysis. Useful information about grizzly habitat can be obtained with minimal cost and effort. The authors have not had prior photointerpretation experience, so information may have been overlooked that could be obtained from the imagery. We plan to continue evaluating this technique in ongoing programs where habitat data are needed. We feel that satellite imagery is most valuable at present as a supplement to, not a replacement for, field observations by personnel on the ground. Limitations in image resolution and kinds of information that can be obtained from multispectral scanning allow errors if used alone. The imagery can be used, however, to perform initial screening and to select these areas where field effort can be productively concentrated. In surveying wilderness areas to locate suitable reintroduction habitat, large portions could, for example, be eliminated on the basis of the imagery alone. Field work can then be focused on remaining locations which appear to meet minimum requirements. Examination of satellite imagery early in a study should thus allow an effective sampling strategy to be developed to minimize field effort and overall program cost. Computer-assisted analysis#SCs \l of multispectral scanner images offers several advantages over the visual methods described in this paper, and we are investigating this technique to minimize subjective factors and reduce time requi red to classify larger areas. The general approach involves displaying a 3-band color composite image of the area under investigation on a CRT screen. The image is derived by transferring picture-el ement data from ERTS computer-compatible digital magnetic tapes to a buffer-storage system, which is in turn scanned to produce a periodically-refreshed color image on the CRT. The digital form of t he image data permits a computer to be used to perform decision functions or computational algorithms upon each image element before it is displayed. This allows a variety of operations to be perform ed on the image such as density slicing color enhancement, selective color display, and false-color display. It also permits 'learning' techniques to be applied in which a small portion of the image, for which ground truth is available, can be analyzed by the computer; similar areas in the remaining scene are then identified and displayed as one color on the CRT. This is powerful method for developing land classification maps. The computer-enhanced images and type maps can then be compared with vegetation type maps obtained by selective ground sampling to validate the classifications.  Using techniques described, we could rapidly survey the three largest ecosystems in the western United States (Yellowstone, Selway-Bitterroot and Bob Marshall) to classify favorable grizzly habitat, to assist in making more accurate estimates of the present grizzly population and to locate the most promising sites for reintroduction. Such information is badly needed and could be obtained with co^N~ <dmparatively modest funding. Together with extensive data on grizzly food habits, movements, ranges and bear ecology that has already been gathered, such a survey could provide several western states the means to evaluate hunting regulations and harvest, and better data than is now available for making management and land use decisions. Satellite remote sensing methods are a valuable addition to the tools of the wildlife researcher and manager. The usefulness of ERTS-1 imagery will expand in the near future as other researchers develop analysis methods to increase types and quality of data abtained from the images. This should result in additional techniques useful in habitat analysis. Remote sensing will become increasingly valuable as equipment with improved resolution and additiHonal spectral bands becomes available on future satellites. 47 mA mAQ-9McCaffrey, Eugene R.//Will, Gary B.//Bergstrom, Andrea S.9Preliminary management implications for black bears, Ursus americanus, in the Catskill region of New York state as the result of an ecological study5 x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'KO x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743235-245*DISCUSSION - p. 244 - This paper has presented the interim findings of the Catskill Bear Study and has attempted to draw some tentative conclusions about population dynamics, population size and geographic extent. The future of the Catskill black bear populations will depend upon future management action. There appear to be two major courses of action which may be used for effective management: (1) promotion of land use patterns which perpetuate wild land and minimize disturbance by man; and (2) promulgation of hunting regulations which will reduce the effect of hunting on be>nN~T $!! " " # $ $ $ % % &' ' ( )) * + +| ,t -l - .. d /\ 0T 0L 0 $12D 2< 2 <34 4, 4$ 4  5 6 6 7t7l8 8 : ;<< >?? @ABB CEF GG H$I,J4K<K DLLL TM\NdOlPtP |RR STUVWXYZ[\\ ^^ `` `ab$b ,c4d<eDe LfTg\hdili tj|klmnn opqrstuvww xyz z |}$~,~ 4<DLT\ dlt|        T         t l   | \  d L D < 4 $  , $ | zpf\RH>4*  vlbXND:0&|rh^TJ@6,"xndZPF<2( ~tj`VLB8.$zpf\RH>4*  vlbXND:0&t,  \! :0& wlars if it is established that a higher population is desirable. The negative socioeconomic qualities of bears are not currently a major problem in the Catskills, probably because of the relatively low bear population densities and restricted human development in bear range. If bear populations are allowed to increase without suitable wild land available, bear-human conflicts are bound to increas e. 45 mA mAQ, Miller, Robert L.//Will, Gary B. IUse of M99 etorphine and antagonists to immobilize and handle black bearsI Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743225-234) *DISCUSSION - pp. 232-233 - M99 is a thebaine derivative chemically related to morphine but perhaps 6,000 times as potent (Burkhart 1968) as an immobilizer and analgesic. The mode of action of M99 is believed to involve the quantity of acetylcholine released from postganglionic elements (Dieterich 1968). High dosages of the drug may cause a decrease in respiratory and heart rates of polar bears as well as a depression of deep body temperature due to peripheral vasodilation (Oritsland 1967). Larsen (1971) points out that these complications may prove fatal in an arctic environment and recommends administration of the antagonist immediately after handling. For these reasons, more recent studies requiring capture of polar bears have relied on phencyclidine hydrochloride. During initial use, M99 was given in the dosage recommended by the manufacturer-a dosage of .008 mg/kg body weight (.35 mg/100 lbs). Following poor results at this dosage and at .011 mg/kg (.50 mg/100 lbs), satisfactory results were achieved at the presently employed .016 mg/kg (.72 mg/100 lbs) base rate. Our experiences with M99 would seem to suggest, however, that it is more efficient to give 'os3c verdoses' initially rather than attempt to give minimum effective doses. Underdosing may cause excitation as well as a delay in the entire handling procedure. Mean effective dosage was .016 mg/kg for 34 bears handled with a single injection. Because of difficulty in estimating body weights greater than 90 kg (see Miller et al. 1973), it is suggested that higher dosages, from .018 to .020 mb/kg (.8-.9 mg/100 lbs), be given when bears are judged to be of large size. Four of five bears receiving as much or more than .020 mg/kg unintentionally during this study were immobilized without difficu lty within ten minutes. The fifth bear actually required a second dose before he could be processed. A major advantage of M99 over other immobilizing drugs presently in use include the ability t o antagonize its effects almost immediately after processing a bear, so that the animal can be observed until safely away from the trap site. New York's experience with M99 has indicated a very wide safety margin between effective and lethal dosages. During this study, minimum effective dosage for bears immobilized with a single injection was .010 mg/kg, while a yearling male received the maximu m single dosage of .024 mg/mg without any discernible harmful effects. Other biologists working with M99 report non-lethal dosages up to 2.5 times the maximum dosage used in New York (M. R. Pelton, unpublished). Other than an observed marked decrease in breathing rate which appears typical of M99's action, no ill effects of the drug have been noted. Of 49 handlings of bears with M99, all left the trap site immediately after regaining consciousness. We had no further indications of drug relapses occurring. Sixteen were subsequently recaptured at periods of five days to fourteen months ^N~ Rlater, and another fifteen were killed by hunters from one month to 38 months after their release. Therefore, 63.3 per cent (31 of 49) of the bears handled were known to be alive at a later date. One bear (73-35) did escape before being given the antagonist drug and no record of its fate is available. An additional seventeen handlings have not yet resulted in recovery records (as of December, 1974). There appears to be no reason to relate this lack of recovery data with other than normal bear activity and a relatively low success in both the trapping and hunting of Catskill bears. When M99 was adminsistered at or above a dosage of .016 kg/mg in a single injection, immobilization time was rapid and the induced state of unconsciousness deep and persisting. With the injection of the antagonist, full recovery was extremely rapid. Although we have not had experience with phencyclidine hydrochloride, this drug does not appear to provide any advantages as an immobilizer for black bears over M99 and, in fact, one wildlife researcher reports mortalities due to its use (J. D. Henry, pers. comm.). M99, with its antagonists, appears to be an improvement over previous handling techn2iques used on black bears in New York. 44 mA mAQ.Pearson, A. M.>Population characteristics of the Arctic Mountain grizzly bear> Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743247-260*kThe Arctic Mountain grizzly bear was studied on a 3367 km study area in the Barn Mountains of the Yukon territory during 1973 and 1974. A seasonal change in the effect of Sernylan (phencyclidine hydrochloride) on the grizzlies was observed. The bears fed mainly on vegetable matter which varied with the season. Minimum home ranges of 414 km for males and 73 km for females were determined from radio-telemetry studies. A(N~  minumum population density of one grizzly per 48 km was calculated. Preliminary information on the population parameters and dynamics are presented. Den sites were located and described. s S x Bz'K~'K S x Bz'K~'K S x Bz'K~'K46 mA mAQ%Martinka, C. J.QEcological role and management of grizzly bears in Glacier National Park, MontanaQ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743147-156*IColonization of western North America by modern man led to significant reduction in numbers and distribution of grizzly bears, Ursus arctos, during the 150 years (Storer & Trevis 1955). Response has been classically evident south of Canada where widespread population declines and local extinctions have occurred. Viable populations have persisted only in more expansive wilderness and park areas of Montana and Wyoming where remoteness and land use characteristics contribute to their protection. National parks provide unique refugia where the natural integrity of grizzly bears can be preserved as an ecosystem component by mitigating detrimental effects of modern man. This paper summarizes current knowledge relating to the ecological role and management of grizzly bears in Glacier National Park, Montana. The park is administered as a natural area within which grizzlies require a spectrum of management considerations. These may be broadly categorized as environmental requirements and relationships to park visitors. Field studies of population biology and ecosystem relationships provide criteria for interpretation of environmental requirements within park ecosystems (Martinka 1972; 1974a). Evaluations of management programs contribute to an understanding of relationships between grizzlies and park visitors (Martinka 1971; 1974b).  x Bz'K~'K    9i)Y Ex Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K37 mA mAQ*Lentfer, Jack W.Polar bear management in Alaska Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743209-213)Abstract not available.42 mA mAQ(Kemp, Gerald A.\The dynamics and regulation of black bear, Ursus americanus, populations in Northern Alberta+K x Bz'K~'KK x Bz'K~'K!K x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743191-197*DISCUSSION - p. 197 - Population regulation is here defined simply as the dampening of numerical fluctuations by density-dependent processes. Evidence presented in support of the hypothesized regulatory effect of adult males on the bear population is: (1) the population increased from 80 in the pre-manipulation period to 175 in the post-manipulation period; and (2) the increased recovery rate and hence possibly survival of subadults in the post-manipulation period. The fact that snared subadults were killed by adult males indicates that adult males are capable, if given the opportunity, of inflicting outright mortality. It is not suggested that this occurs in significant instances in free-ranging animals. Whether or not directly induced mortality by adult males is significant, or whether mortality is from other causes resulting from aggressive behhavior and subsequent increased dispersal of subadults, remains to be tested in 1974 and 1975.40 mA mAQ'Greer, Kenneth R./Managing Montana's grizzlies for the grizzlies!/ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743177-189)Abstract not available.39(a!Q[  mA mAQ&lRogers, Lynn L.//Kuehn, David W.//Erickson, Albert W.//Harger, Elsworth M.//Verme, Louis J.//Ozoga, John J. ljCharacteristics and management of black bears that feed in garbage dumps, campgrounds or residential areasj Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743169-175*One hundred and twenty-six black bears were captured at garbage dumps, campgrounds or residential areas in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan during the summer of 1968. The sex, weight and breeding condition of each were recorded and the age of each was estimated from counts of annuli in the cementum of a first premolar. The sex ratio among cubs (59 males, N=17) did not differ significantly from a 1:1 ratio, but the sex ratio among bears 1 through 7 years of age (76% males, N=93) was significantly (P<.01) unbalanced toward males. Conversely, females predominated (P<.05) among the relatively few bears 8 years of age or older (25% males, N=16), especially among those captured in campgrounds or residential areas (17% males, N=12). Garbage was more abundant in dumps than in campgrounds or residential areas, and bears captured at dumps tended to be heavier than those of the same age and sex captured elsewhere. Seven litters observed with females captured at sources of garbage ranged from 2 to 5 cubs and averaged 3.1, which is significantly (P<.01) more than the average of 1.99 cubs per litter reported for bears in Upper Michigan. Forty-two percent of the bears (excluding cubs) captured as nuisances in campgrounds or residential areas were males less than 4 years of age. Young males may exhibit less attachment to an area than do females or older males, so may be less likely to return after being transported away from human habitation. 38GN~  mA mAQ!;Pelton, Michael R.//Scott, Charles D.//Burghardt, Gordon M.;Attitudes and opinions of persons experiencing property damage and/or injury by black bears in the Great Smoky Mountyains National Park Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743157-167)Abstract not available. 33 mA mAQ#Herrero, StephenNConflicts between man and grizzly bears in the national parks of North AmericaN Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743121-145*? During the period 1970-73, twenty-three persons were injured by grizzly bears in the national parks of North America. Persons were hiking or riding in backcountry prior to 14 (61%) injuries; were camping in backcountry prior to 3 (13%) injuries, and were camping in a developed area prior to 4 (17%) injuries. Two (9%) injuries were preceded by provocation of the attacking bear. Females bears with cubs were the most dangerous age/sex class of grizzly and responsible for a minimum of 17 (74.9%) of all injuries. Most injuries involved sudden surprise of the female at close range. Very old grizzlies were another age class disproportionately involved in incidents with man. Careful monitoring is recommended for difficult bears from this age segment. Examination of the current management programme in Glacier National Park, U.S.A., suggests that management strategies exist which can both encourage the long-term survival of free-ranging grizzly populations and also provide park visitors with a high degree of safety regarding females with cubs, as well as other age/sex classes. Ways of avoiding attack by grizzly bear point to a joint responsibility of park managers and park visitors. Circumstances which preceded aggressive encounters which did not result in human injury are discussed. In the event of actual attack, esecially after sudden surprise of a female with cubs, dat?o/_ ma suggest that playing dead can help to decrease the intensity of the attack. Garbage and human food disposal continues to be a problem, though in most parks the situation was improved. Grizzlie s who forage on human food or garbage in close proximity to people become habituted to man and also more dangerous to visitors. The effectiveness of management programmes is assessed with respect to human safety and grizzly bear preservation for relevant North American national parks. Human safety is being adequately provided for in many and the remaining problem areas which can be made safe r by improved management are identified. However, several park grizzly bear populations appear to be headed for elimination during the next 50 years unless effective regional management plans are ado pted soon. The grizzly bear is worth disproportionate study emphasis compared to other animal species in national parks because it uniquely stimulates human imagination and thought, and can help man relate meaningfully to his own genetic heritage and to natural environments. The grizzly is a wilderness indicator species whose protection encourages survival of many other species and their wild habitat. ? 35 mA mAQ"Dean, Frederick C.JAspects of grizzly bear population ecology in Mount McKinley National ParkJ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743111-119*DISCUSSION - pp.118-119 - The patterns and amount of human use of Mount McKinley National Park have changed drastically over the past 18 years. Prior to 1959, the only way to get a vehicle to the Park was to ship it on the Alaska Railroad. Perhaps three or four cars per day entered the Park and many visitors stayed several days or even several weeks. There was very little use of the country more than 2 km } N~ from the road. In 1959, the Denali Highway was connected to the Park road and traffic began a steady slow increase. Most visitors still arrived by train and the hotel at the railroad station at the east end of the Park has operated bus tours for many years, using up to four or more large buses depending on demand. The first summer with the new highway between Anchorage and Fairbanks open was 1972; the major portion of the traffic between those cities began to flow through the eastern end of the Park. Park visitation began to increase very rapidly. 'Backcountry' use figures illustrate the general increase in visits to the Park and dramatically highlight the shift in use pattern. In 1972, there were approximately 4,500 person-nights spent in the 'backcountry'; this figure jumped to over 12,000 in 1973. The potential for bear-human contacts is increasing rapidly as increasing numbers of visitors arrive and as a larger proportion of the visitors hike and camp off the road. Human injuries are increasing in frequency. Hunting of grizzlies in the area surrounding the Park has been a rather long standing practice. The area immediately east of the Park supports a resident popu lation of grizzlies that can probably sustain regular hunting with a very low likelihood of significant effect on the Park's populations. North of the Park the habitat appears less suitable for grizz lies, and there seems to be much lower probability that a substantial harvest can be supported without repeated recruitment from the protected population. The long narrow nature of the present Park m akes the journey from the Alaska Range past the north boundary well within the range of possibility for a bear. The number of grizzly bears killed near the Park as recorded by the Alaska Department o^N~  f Fish and Game are: 1969-9, 1970-9, and 1971-41. For the 3 years combined, the cumulative percent of the kill included in the above figures was: within 1.6 km of the Park boundary, 6.8 %; 3.2km, 30. 2%; 6.4km, 46.5%: 16 km, 57.6%; 32 km, 75%. We hope to determine the source of the animals being taken in this boundary strip and any effects that such hunting may have on the Park population. This is an area where the National Park Service and Alaska Department of Fish and Game may need to engage in cooperative management. The third major management problem currently facing the managers of Mount McKinley National Park results from the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act which provides for possible extensions of the boundaries of the Park. The National Park Service collected public reaction to the original proposals and presented a final impact statement late in 1974. One possibility is extending the boundary to the north to include areas considered by many to be critical winter range for moose, wolves and other Park animals. Some of these lands may be used by grizzlies during early spring and late fall. The potential addition would certainly provide considerable buffering from hunting since the proposed boundary is 32 km north of the present one in the eastern half of the Park. The state of Alaska has selected land adjacent to the eastern one quarter of the north boundary and several cabin sites have been leased by private individuals. This area constitutes a major weakness in any attempt to contain the core of the Park's large mammal populations in the present or% proposed boundaries. 34 mA mAQ+RLindzey, James S.//Kordek, Walter S.//Matula, George J. Jr.//Piekielek, William P.RIThe black bear in Pennsylvania--status, movements, values, and managementI Int. Conf. BearR Res. and Manage. 19743215-224)Abstract not available.43N~  mA mAQILudlow, Jeanne C.EObservations on the breeding of captive black bears, Ursus americanus5W x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'K Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1974365-69*jDISCUSSION - pp. 68-69 - In general the mating behavior of bears is similar in some ways to the canids (the mount and the pelvic thrusts) and in other ways to the felids (the neck bite) (Ewer 1973). The duration of successful mounts and intromissions was about 20 to 30 minutes. Copulation occurs while both animals are standing, and there does not appear to be a copulatory tie (as in canids, where the male and female stand for over 10 minutes in a locked position). However, several reports state that the bear has a penis bone which maintains the joining of the pair for a relatively long time (Meyer-Holzapfel 1957). The mating of black bears appears to be very similar to that of the brown bears (as described by Meyer-Holzapfel 1957): mating and foreplay involves licking the female's face and sex organs; actual mating lasts more than 15 minutes; copulation occurs on several successive days; and, when the female is no longer receptive, she moves away from the male. The breeding of two black bears filmed was successful, and two cubs were born in early February, 1974. The gestation period was about 30 weeks. j73 mA mAQ) Larsen, Thor 1Polar bear den surveys in Svalbard, 1972 and 19731 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19743199-208)Abstract not available.41 mA mAQJ#Luque, Michael H.//Stokes, Allen W.#&Fishing behavior of Alaskan brown bear& Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1976371-78' ) N~N~ *sEDITED DISCUSSION - pp. 77-78 - A characteristic of bears at McNeil Falls was the constancy of their return throughout a season and from one season to the next. We rarely saw a newcomer establish itself permanently in the two years of intensive study. Those bears that did appear sporadically stayed so briefly we generally didn't learn them well enough to identify in later years. The high intolerance between bears probably discourages newcomers. Cubs brought to the river during the two or three years they stayed with their mother could work their way gradually into the hierarchy and into competitive fishing situations. In general, after weaning at 2.5 years of age, cubs moved about below the falls looking for scraps of discarded fish. Gradually they worked farther and farther into the central fishing locations, stealing fish from satiated larger bears and even doing a little fishing. Few bears entered the fishing circle at McNeil Falls until fully mature at six or more years of age. This behavior is in contrast to that at smaller streams. On the small tributaries leading into Becharov Lake farther south on the Alaska Peninsula, Derek Stonorov (pers. comm.) regularly observed younger bears fishing. On such streams bears could spread out over much greater distances to avoid competition, the lower-status bears going farther upstream where fishing was less good.  We observed fishing for red salmon Oncorhynchus nerka along nearby Mikfik Creek. Fish were available over most of the stream albeit in less abundance. On Mikfik Creek bears rarely staked out a fi shing location; instead they fished for a few minutes only, then moved along the stream. Such streams with low fish abundance are not likely to generate the strong homing tradition seen in McNeil Riv^N~  er bears. This sort of fishing situation would seem much easier for bears unable to with stand the heavy competition at McNeil River Falls. Observations in other areas on how bears fish differ i n part from ours. George Frame (pers. comm.) observed black bears Ursus americanus fishing in south-eastern Alaska. Black bears fished by plunging into the creek, running through the water, and leap ing upon a fish and capturing it with their mouth. Since he does not give any orientation components, we cannot be sure how many techniques his bears actually used based on our classification system. Using our orientation components there would be at least four techniques. This is much less than our 37. Clark (1959) also describes only one technique for brown bears fishing at Karluk Lake, Alaska. These bears used the forepaws to pin the salmon to the bottom before grasping it with the mouth. Frame never observed this technique. Similarly, W. B. Sisson (pers. comm.) observed that brown bears fishing at Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge use only two techniques. In one creek where fish were emaciated, bears would capture them with just the mouth. In other streams where fish were more lively, bears would herd fish toward shallow water and use their paws and body to capture fish. Sisson also noted that bears would slap the water to aid in herding fish, but he never saw a fish slapped out of the water. Bacon and Burghardt (this volume paper 1) also noted that penned black bears would slap at prey. We never observed this behaviour at McNeil. In all of the above reports bears were fishing in shallow flat streams. This lack of varied topography, in contrast to McNeil Falls, could be the reason bears used far fewer and somewhat different techniques. Bears can chase fish i^N~ En these shallow streams while at McNeil Falls they can seldom do this because of the deep water and the ease with which salmon can evade bears. In all these studies bears have used the forepaws, although generally at one time or another in combination with the mouth. Eisenberg Leyhausen (1972) consider capture with the forepaws more evolutionarily advanced than use of the mouth. This suggests that bears are not as advanced as the Felidae in which selection has favoured the use of forepaws to grasp prey. But cats rarely fish. If bears were to lose the ability to catch fish in the mouth, then they would not be able to capture salmon in the deep, fast-flowing water of McNeil Falls. Bears remain generalists, not only as omnivores, but as carnivores. The wide range of techniques they have available permits them to fish in a great variety of waters.   x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'Kc  x Bz'K~'K  Gx Bz'K~'KT  x Bz'K~'K74 mA mAQKPruitt, Cheryl H.2Play and agonistic behavior in captive black bears2 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1974379-86)Abstract not available.75 mA mAQL$Beeman, Larry E.//Pelton, Michael R.$@Homing of black bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park@ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1974387-95*YFrom 1967 to 1974, 76 nuisance black bears were moved to other parts of the Park. Most nuisance bears were males (87 percent). Bears less than 4.5 years old comprised 20 percent of the nuisance animals. There was no significant difference between the ability of inexperienced adults and inexperienced juveniles to home. Within the range of distances that bears were moved (5.8 to 64.8 km), there was a 5mN~ significant difference between homing and distance transplanted, i.e. fewer homing with greater distances moved. Experienced male bears were significantly more likely to home and homed in less time than inexperienced males. Bears released on the periphery of the Park were significantly less likely to home than bears released in the central part of the Park. Bears seem to be strongly motivated to home. A bear's home range probably provides psychic needs as well as physical ones. They likely find their way by random wanderings combined with learning and memory of areas previously traversed. Other means of navigation were not tested in this study. Creating conditions that reduce the amount of unnatural food available to bears is probably the most basic management tool for eliminating the transformation of 'wild' bears to nuisance animals. Selection of release sites is also an important consideration in handling nuisance bears. Y76 mA mAQMCraighead, Frank C. Jr.?Grizzly bear ranges and movement as determined by radiotracking? Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1974397-109)Abstract not availabl e.77 mA mAQ$%Bacon, Ellis S.//Burghardt, Gordon M.%.Ingestive behaviors of the american black bear. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1974313-25*DISCUSSION - p. 24 - Black bears are particularly clean and even delicate feeders. Although many foods are eaten in their entirety (e.g. apples, pears, whole fish), very little debris is ingested as they consume acorns, blackberries and grass. Most debris is either spat out or avoided. These results agree with observations on the black bear in Virginia (Cottam et al. 1939). Orientation to food items appears to iWN~ nvolve both sight and smell, both of which are well developed and efficiently integrated. The apparently frequent use of sight suggests the presence of a high degree of visual acuity and pattern discrimination. While the captive conditions undoubtedly affected the intensity and duration of the ingestive behaviors seen here, we feel that the topography and sequencing are probably quite normal. Since observations of wild black bears eating native food are scarce, it is hoped that other investigators will take advantage of chance or unusual situations to film and record observations in order to evaluate further and to extend these results. Detailed comparison of the topography of feeding behaviors with other bear species and mammals in general is also of importance. 36 mA mAQ0%Bacon, Ellis S.//Burghardt, Gordon M.%n 9i ,or density increased, reported bear incidents increased linearly. In order to reduce or maintain bear incidents at acceptable levels, managers of backcountry areas may have to reduce nonaversive bear/human encounters and the availability of human food items.   x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Kr x Bz'K~'K136 mA mAQSmith, Jane Kapler>BIMS--the bear reporting network for the National Park Service> Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835297-301*The U.S. National Park Service employs a nationwide computer network to make reports of bear-related events available to managers in parks, regional, and national offices simultaneously. This is the Bear Information Management System, BIMS. It is operated by managers and technicians through use of interactive programs. A flexible structure enables each park to store data in up to 91 information categories, using a reporting form tailored for field use. Through database management programs, managers retrieve specific records or analyze large volumes of data to carry out effective day-to-day management and to plan for future needs. System support at the national level and commitment by the user parks to complete, accurate data reporting are essential for reliable operation. 134 mA mAQMcArthur Jope, Katherine L.5Habituation of grizzly bears to people: a hypothesis5 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835322-327*JReports of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) observations between 1977 and 1979 in Glacier National Park were examined to test whether the behavior of grizzly bears was different in areas with high versus low levels of human activ7g@p $4ity. In both types of areas, females with young were more likely than adults and subadults to avoid human-use areas and showed little habituation to people. A midseason increase in habituated behavior by adult and subadult bears occurred in both areas, but adults and subadults showed a greater degree of habituation throughout the season in the high-use area. x Bz'K~'KW  x Bz'K~'K% x Bz'K~'K138 mA mAQTate, Jane//Pelton, Michael R.>Human-bear interactions in Great Smoky Mountains National Park> Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835312-321*bAn ethological investigation of panhandler black bear (Ursus americanus), conducted in Great Smoky Mountains National Park from 1976 through 1978, focused on agonistic behavior exhibited by these bears in their interactions with park visitors. Seven different types of aggression were recorded. Apparent precipitation factors for such behavior were divided into 20 categories, e.g., handfeeding, petting, photographing, crowding. Of 392 panhandling sessions, 43.9% involved at least one incidence of agonistic behavior; overall, 624 aggressive acts were recorded. Some types of aggession were more likely to occur, and certain precipitating factors were likely to result in specific types of agonistic behavior. Less than 6% of all aggression led to actual physical contact with visitors. Some individual bears reacted more aggressively than others in their interactions with people. In general, more aggressive behavior was shown by males. Management implications include the need for visitor education, enforcement of National Park Service regulations, removal of garbage, and priorities in relocation of bears. 7 x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K #x Bz'K~'K137M}  ),< mA mAQwNelson, Ralph A.//Folk, G. Edgar Jr.//Pfeiffer, Egbert W.//Craighead, John J.//Jonkel, Charles J.//Steiger, Dianne L. wJBehavior, biochemistry, and hibernation in black, grizzly, and polar bearsJ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835284-290*Annual behavioral and biochemical patterns of black bears (Ursus americanus), grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) were reviewed. We propose that black and grizzly bears show 4 annual physiological stages: Stage I--hibernation, in which lean body mass is preserved and body fat supplies energy; Stage II--walking hibernation, in which the biochemistry of hibernation is integrated with physical activity, but food and water intake are minimal; Stage III--normal activity, in which patterns are consistent with those of nonhibernating mammals; and Stage IV--hyperphagia, which increases fat reserves for hibernation. For polar bears, using published reports and recently collected data, we propose that all 4 stages are possible and that polar bears appear able to shift between Stages l and ll in both summer and winter, which permits successful adaptation to the arctic environment. ; x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K[ x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K132 mA mAQ5Worley, David E.//Greer, Kenneth R.//Palmisciano, Dan5LPossible relationships between trichinellosis and abnormal behavior in bearsL Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835280-283*Data compiled from parasite studies of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and black bears (U. americanus) in the Yellowstone and Glacier National Park populations and surrounding ar!N~ 4Deas of Montana and Wyoming during 1969-79 are reviewed with reference to the possible influence of infection with the muscleworm Trichinella sp. on bear behavior. In grizzly bears, the high prevalence of this parasite (61% of 254 bears infected), the elevated larval concentrations in sensitive anatomical sites such as the tongue (average, 51 larvae per gram of tissue), and the chronic nature of bear infections as indicated by the tendency for highest infection rates to occur in older age classes (_16 yrs.), suggest a potential behavior-modifying effect might exist. However, retrospective analysis of recent human attacks by 4 grizzlies and 2 black bears in the northern Rocky Mountain region failed to demonstrate a consistent connection between erratic conduct and levels of Trichinella larvae (trichinae) in bear tissues. Clinical similarities of trichinellosis in bears and humans are hypothesized, and possible behavioral effects of ursine trichinellosis are discussed.  6 x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K131 mA mAQMiller, Gary D.DResponses of captive grizzly and polar bears to potential repellentsD Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835275-279*Potential bear repellents were tested on 2 male grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and 2 female polar bears (U. maritimus) at the Churchill Bear Laboratory, Churchill, Manitoba. Fifteen to 18 stimuli were tested on ON~ <Leach bear. The stimuli were selected randomly from a list of possible repellents that included recorded bear and people sounds, bells, horns, chemicals, and others. Extremely loud, sharp sounds and most of the chemicals were consistently repellent. Although some of the stimuli were very effective, the effects on the bears were consistently short-lived. Laboratory tests on caged animals is a valid method for screening the effectiveness of a large number of stimuli in a short time, but the results of such tests must be verified by field tests. ? x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K130 mA mAQDPalumbo, P.J.//Wellik, Dianne L.//Bagley, Nancy A.//Nelson, Ralph A.D x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K125 mA mAQ|&Kolenosky, George B.//Prevett, J. Paul&nN~ ght and losing in winter 40% of their fall weight. Mature females gain and lose not only relatively, but absolutely, more weight than males. , x Bz'K~'K  Cx Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K115 mA mAQMiller, Stirling D.[Detection of differences in brown bear density and population composition caused by hunting[ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19908393-404*LLiberalized hunting regulations in a portion of southcentral Alaska resulted in an increased sport harvest of brown bears (Ursus arctos). A reduction in population density caused by increased hunter harvest was demonstrated using modified capture-recapture techniques. Density differences were documented between 2 areas of generally equivalent habitats but different patterns of hunter access as well as in the same area at 2 different times. Density estimates (for bears >2.0-years-old) were 6.7 bears/1,000 km (95% CI=5.2-10.1) in the intensively hunted area compared to 10.5 (95% CI=6.0-25.7) in the same area 8 years earlier, and 19.1 (95% CI=16.7-23.2) in the less intensively hunted area. The total population density estimate was 10.51 bears/1,000 km in the intensively hunted area. Males constituted a smaller proportion of the population in the heavily hunted area compared to the less intensively hunted area and to the same area studied prior to onset of increased humting prvessure. There were relatively more younger males and more older females in the heavily hunted population.L1720 mA mAQrKendall, Katherine C.HUse of pine nuts by grizzly and black bears in Yellowstone National ParkH Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835166-173*9Whitebark pW 9i) Yine (Pinus albicaulis), an important tree of high altitudes in the northern Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, produces nuts eaten by bears. Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) and black bear (U. americanus) use of pine nuts was studied in Yellowstone National Park and adjacent areas during 1978 and 1979. Spring use appeared to be correlated with cone production in the preceding year, while fall use was correlated with the current crop. Most of the nuts eaten by bears came from cones cached by red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Pine nuts were a nutritious food which was often present in early spring and late fall when alternate foods were scarce or low in digestible energy and when nutritional requirements of bears were high. No evidence was found that bears ate the nuts of limber pine (P. flexilis).  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K6 x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K+ x Bz'K~'K114  mA mAQq Martin, P. NFactors influencing globe huckleberry fruit production in Northwestern MontanaN Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835159-165*Globe huckleberr y (Vaccinium globulare) fruit is a major food source for the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) in northwestern Montana. A ranked-set sampling pattern was used to determine the effects of wildfire s, timber harvest practices, and physical and vegetative site characteristics on globe huckleberry fruit production. Timber stands not disturbed within the last 60 years were among the least-producti!N~ [ ve sites sampled. Stands on mesic, northern or eastern aspects that were burned by wildfire 25-60 years ago, or clearcut and broadcast-burned 8-15 years ago, were the most productive sites. Wildfire s or timber harvests on xeric, southern or western aspects reduced fruit production and percent cover of globe huckleberry plants, as did scarification of clearcuts on any aspect. The relationships b etween fruit production and vegetative site characteristics reflected the age and physical features of the stands, though fruit production was not related to the percent cover or height of the globe h uckleberry plants. Crop failures were apparently related to meteorological events. Therefore, long-range planning to assure production of globe huckleberry fruit crops in the future is recommended f or manipulation of grizzly bear habitat. x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K5 x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Kv ) x Bz'K~'K113  mA mAQp!Meagher, Mary//Phillips, Jerry R.!ZRestoration of natural populations of grizzly and black bears in Yellowstone National ParkZ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835 152-158*Yellowstone National Park began an intensive bear management program in 1970, with the stated goal of restoring and maintaining natural populations of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) a nd black bear (U. americanus). The Park closed the last of its large open-pit garbage dumps in 1971. During the decade 1970-79, bear management went through 3 phases. In 1970-72 most incorrigible b ears that had developed strong ties to sources of human foods were translocated or removed. This period also included intensive efforts to educate people, increased law enforcement, intensified sanitON~ U ation, refinement of management techniques, and development of a monitoring system to provide management information. The next period, 1973-78, represented a transition from emphasis on correction of  a situation to awareness that a high level of preventive bear management must be routine and never-ending part of Park operations. By the summer of 1979, the bears with prior knowledge of sources of unnatural foods within the Park appeared to be gone. Thus, in 10 years Park management appears to have attained the objective of restoring the populations of bears to subsistence on natural forage to  the extent that outside influences beyond the Park's control will permit. The future of the grizzly bear in and around Yellowstone appears increasingly dependent on management decisions which give t he bear adequate priority over human desires.  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K  / x Bz'K~'K112  mA mAQnShaffer, Mark L.@Determining minimum viable population sizes for the grizzly bear@ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835133-139*A stochastic computer si mulation is presented for use in determining the relationship of population size to extinction probabilities for populations of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). Published data on numbers, age, sex repro duction, and mortality for the grizzly bear population of Yellowstone National Park were used to develop and test several simulation models. The results indicate that, for the Yellowstone grizzlies, 35 to 70 bears constitute a minumum viable population (the smallest population with a 95% probability of surviving at least 100 years). Minimum area requirements for populations of this size range fr%UN~  om 700 to 10,000 km. 8 x Bz'K~'K 8 x Bz'K~'K8 x Bz'K~'K110  mA mAQm,Zager, Peter//Jonkel, Charles//Habeck, James,NLogging and wildfire influence on grizzly bear habitat in Northwestern MontanaN Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835 124-132*Vegetation was sampled on 330 sites known to be used by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). The response to disturbance of 6 shrub species important as grizzly bear foods was determined b y comparing their percent canopy cover on disturbed sites with that on undisturbed, old-growth sites. Overall, the canopy cover of these species was higher on sites burned by wildfire 35-70 years ag o than on comparable old-growth sites. The canopy cover of these species was generally less on clearcut sites where the slash was bulldozer-piled than on burned sites. The shrub response on clearcut  sites where slash was not treated was intermediate; some shrubs increased while others declined. Site treatment is at least partially responsible for this differential response; bulldozer-scarificat ion apparently destroys the vegetative reproductive organs of these shrubs. Habitat use patterns of 4 radio-collared grizzly bears were studied in 1979. Grizzly bears preferred snowchutes, ridgetops , and creek bottoms during the spring; they preferred shrubfields, slabrock, ridgetops, and creek bottoms during the summer/fall. Cutting units and habitat affected by open, travelled roads were avoi ded throughout the active season. Cutting units used by grizzly bears were generally isolated from human disturbance factors and provided nearby cover (within 50 m) in the form of well developed shru b strata, leave trees, and cutting unit boundaries.G x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'KF x Bz'K~'K109)YIy S  mA mAQlBlanchard, Bonnie M.;Grizzly bear--habitat relationships in the Yellowstone area; Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835118-123*iHabitat use by grizzly be ars (Ursus arctos) was studied from 1977 through 1979 in a 20,000 km area with Yellowstone National Park in the center. Of 1826 aerial radio locations of 46 instrumented grizzlies, 90% were in timbe r. Three fourths of the locations were 100 m or less from an edge between timber and an opening. Timber over 3 m tall with canopy cover of 26-75% accounted for 50% of all activity sites from March t hrough November. The Abies lasiocarpal/Vaccinium scoparium community alone contained 23% of the total activity sites and 35% of the forested activity sites. Of 507 observations of feeding activity, 45% were recorded in timber over 3 m tall with a canopy cover of 26-100%, 34% in timber with a 0.1-25% canopy cover, 20% in open habitats, and 3% in timber less than 3 m tall. Ninety-nine percent of examined day beds were in forested communities. h x Bz'K~'K h x Bz'K~'Kh x Bz'K~'K%h x Bz'K~'K 1h x Bz'K~'K108 mA mAQj-Hoak, John H.//Clark, Tim W.//Weaver, John L.-TOf grizzly bears and commercial outfitters in Bridger-Teton National Forest, WyomingT Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835110-117*Information on grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) distribution seasonal abundance in the Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming, was gathered by direct observation of bears and bear sign and by outfitter interviews in 1977-78. Operation of commercial outfitting camps was examined and case histories of bear-human interactions documented in 1978 to assess the potential 'N~ for bear-human conflict. We compiled 394 reports of grizzly bear for 1968-78, including 228 reports for 1977-78. Report localities were distributed widely throughout the northern portion of the Forest, but concentrated in Teton Wilderness (Buffalo Ranger District). An estimated 45 grizzlies occurred on the Forest during May-November 1977: 15 single bears and 10 females with 20 young. In 1978, 37-38 grizzly bears were tallied during May-November: 21-22 single bears and 7 females with 9 young. Each of 20 outfitter camps examined had conspicuous bear attractants, including low-hanging racks of game meat, open garbage pits, and unsealed livestock and human foods. Attractants were near human quarters and concealment cover for bears. Eighteen camps had histories of bear encounters. Management guidelines could reduce attraction of camps for bears.  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K106 mA mAQhYNozaki, Eikichi//Azuma, Shigeru//Aoi, Toshiki//Torii, Harumi//Ito, Tetsuro//Maeda, KishioY"Food habits of Japanese black bear" Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835106-109*The food habits of Japanese black bears (Selenarctos thibetanus japonicus) were studied in the Neo Nishitani Valley, Gifu Prefecture, between 1973 and 1977. The bears live in the temperate forest zone where beech (Fagus crenata), Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica var. grosserata), and Japanese white oak (Q. serrata) dominate. Their diet was composed mostly of plant matter throughout the year. During spring, bears ate nuts of beech and oaks which had fallen in the previous year, beech buds and shoots of herbaceous plants. During summer, bears ate a large quantity of animalON~ Y matter such as ants and other insects, and much plant matter such as the fruits of Japanese cluster cherry (Prunus grayana) and dogwood (Cornus controversa). Nuts of oaks and beech were consumed in large quantities during fall. A census of the numbers of fruit trees with branches broken by bears revealed that the animals mainly used beech in 1973, Japanese white oak and Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata) in 1974, chestnut and Mongolian oak in 1975, beech in 1976, and chestnut in 1977. In 1976, when few broken branches of beech tree were found, fallen beechnuts were eaten. ) x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'Kv x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K + x Bz'K~'K104 mA mAQg%Bacon, Ellis S.//Burghardt, Gordon M.%.Food preference testing of captive black bears. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835102-105*A method was developed to test food preferences of 2 young captive female black bears (Ursus americanus) under controlled conditions. Two sets of food items (5 native and 7 non-native) were tested biweekly for 1 year in a seminatural enclosure in Tennessee. The bears exhibited definite preferences among both sets of foods. The preferences were significantly correlated between the bears and were consistent througho!N~ <ut the year. In the native food test, acorns (Quercus alba) were the most preferred. In the non-native food test, fish (Ictiobus sp.) was the most preferred food. The foods most highly preferred were rich in either protein or carbohydrates. W x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Km x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K?y x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Kr x Bz'K~'K103 mA mAQ$Eagle, Thomas C.//Pelton, Michael R.$LSeasonal nutrition of black bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National ParkL Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1983594-101*3We sampled 86 composites of 646 scats collected at 2-week intervals during 1976 and 1977 and identified 5 seasonal patterns of food use by black bear (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Plant material composed 80% of the diet, and animal remains, mostly insects, were 12%. Major plant food items were identified. Crude protein and acid-detergent-fiber content of major food items were determined and nutritional value of each seasonal diet was evaluated. The early spring diet was of low nutritional value and bears lost weight during spring. The late spring, summer, and early fall diets were conducive to growth of bears because readily available energy and high-quality proteins were consumed. The late fall diet, high in available energy, led to rapid increase in weights of bears. K x Bz'K~'KK x Bz'K~'KK x Bz'K~'K146 mA mAQ4O'Pezio, John//Clarke, Stephen H.//Hackford, Charles4CChronology of black bear denning in the Catskill Region of New YorkC Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19835?o/ 087-93*In radio-telemetry studies of black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Catskill region of New York State during 1975-79, denning chronology was recorded for 62 den entries and 38 exits by 35 male and female bears 1 to 17 years of age. The median den entry date for female bears with cubs (22 November) was somewhat earlier than that for pregnant females (24 November) and barren females (30 November). Collectively, females denned significantly earlier than males (24 November versus 10 December). Median den emergence dates also varied with sex and reproductive status. Males were the first to leave their dens (26 March), followed by females with yearlings (5 April) and barren females (8 April). Females with cubs left their den site significantly later (15 April) than males and females with yearlings. Although autumn temperatures, snowfall, and snow depths differed significantly between years, they appeared unrelated to denning dates. + x Bz'K~'KT x Bz'K~'Kw x Bz'K~'K145 mA mAQ<Bunnell, F. L./Tait, D. E. N.:Bears in models and in reality--implications to management: !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1980415-23*The use of computer simulation models as an aid to understanding of biological data was demonstrated using a number of simulated bear populations. Data from black (Ursus americanus), brown (U. arctos), and polar bear (U. maritimus) populations were employed. Population models without feedback were used to compute mortality isoclines as a function of reproductive measures and to document the unreliability of age structure as an indicator of population growth form. A simple Leslie matrix projection was modified to include the effects of population density and hunting. The resulting models provided a consistenJzN~ Pt explanation for some of the sex and age ratios reported in the literature. The importance of spatial and temporal distributions of hunting pressure were documented, and management implications of hunting patterns, population biology, and dispersion of bears were summarized. r x Bz'K~'Kr x Bz'K~'K r x Bz'K~'K r x Bz'K~'Kr x Bz'K~'K r x Bz'K~'Kr x Bz'K~'K1340 mA mAQFYManlove, Michael N.//Baccus, Ramone//Pelton, Micheal R.//Smith, Michael H.//Graber, DavidY'Biochemical variation in the black bear' Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1980437-41*$A total of 35 presumably distinct biochemical loci were analyzed in black bears (Ursus americanus) from Alaska, California, Maine, Montana, Tennessee, and Virginia by using starch-gel electrophoresis. Limited spatial subdivision of gene frequency was observed in Tennessee. Overall heterozygosity levels are lower in black bears than would generally be expected for mammalian species. Levels of interpopulation genetic similarity are extremely high for a species with such wide distribution, in contrast to the observed morphological variation. Q x Bz'K`~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1350 mA mAQLeCount, Albert L.1Denning ecology of black bears in central Arizona1 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1983571-78*A total of 68 black bear (Ursus americanus) dens were located by radio-tracking 27 radio-instrumented animals from October 1974 through May 1979. Regardless of mild weather conditions and year-around availability of food, all bears denned"R ^. Duration of denning varied with sex and age class but averaged 4 to 5 months. Ninety-one percent of the dens studied were located in the Interior Chaparral vegetation type. Site selection appeared to be based on a combination of dense vegatative cover at bear height (0.3-1.8 m) and early development of spring forage. All dens were located under large rocks. Den sites appeared to be abundant, with most bears preparing numerous dens. Only 6% of our bears reused dens. Den sites of adult animals appeared to be within normal home range areas. Because of the ready availability of den sites, plans for conversion of chaparral areas to grassland should limit neither bear den sites nor bear populations.  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K& x Bz'K~'K143 mA mAQHerrero, StephenISocial behaviour of black bears at a garbage dump in Jasper National ParkI Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1983554-70*RA minimum population of 34 black bears (Ursus americanus) visiting and feeding at the town dump in Jasper National Park, Alberta, were observed for over 750 hours on 141 days in 1968. Females with young of the year visited the dump more than any other group. Their average litter size of 2.67 for regular dump visitors suggests that food from the dump contributed to reproductive success. Social interactions between bears were characterized by tolerance, avoidance, and spacing, but we did observe 141 intraspecific agonistic interactions. In 89 out of 91 agonistic interactions, females with young of the year dominated all other age/sex classes, including adult males. These females, even when not with their young, used agonistic behaviour to maintain an individual distance of 3 to 30 m. Twelve postural anL|N~  d 4 vocal components of the agonistic repertoires are described and frequency of use is given for each identified bear. Agonistic signals were sterotyped but not invariant; physical contact was rare. Agonistic interactions were more frequent early in the season than later. The dump was visited by 7,500 to 10,000 tourists; despite hundreds of close approaches, including 57 situations in which people threw rocks or chased bears, a bear never struck, bit, or touched a person. Bears on 15 such occasions directed agonistic signals toward people; these were similar to signals used in intraspecific encounters. Subadults and females with their young climbed trees, where they appeared to find safety from harassment. Bears in trees were seen nursing, playing, sleeping, sheltering, relaxing, or cooling. The dump offered a food source which was concentrated, high-quality, predictable, and prolonged in time. Bears exploited this resource by forming social aggregations, tolerating other bear s at shorter distances when at the dump than when away. ( x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K142 mA mAQ!Burst, Tom L.//Pelton, Michael R.!,Black bear mark trees in the Smoky Mountains, Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1983545-53*A total of 691 black bear (Ursus americanus) mark trees were located in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Mark trees along preselected index trails were tagged, physiognomic parameters around the trees measured, and characteristics of the tree and mark recorded. Trees along the index trails were reobserved periodically from April to December 1976-77 (bi-weekly between May and October) to monitor fresh marking. EightL|N~ 0 different coniferous and 26 different hardwood species were marked; the choice of species apparently reflects their availability in areas of high bear use. Mark trees were located primarily along abandoned trails and ridge tops. Most fresh marking occurred during May, June, and July. Thirty-one percent and 23% of the mark trees along index routes exhibited fresh marks during 1976 and 1977, respectively. Reduction of aggression may not be the only function of marking. The incidence of fresh marking may be useful as an index to population density.  x Bz'K~'KT x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K141 mA mAQHLindzey, James S.//Alt, Gary L.//McLaughlin, Craig R.//Kordek, Walter S.H:Population response of Pennsylvania black bears to hunting: Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1983534-39*Annual legal harvests of black bears (Ursus americanus) in Pennsylvania during 61 hunting seasons from 1915 through 1979 ranged from 149 to 929 and averaged 424. Data for 1971-1977 showed high hunting pressure, with 95,000-250,000 hunters estimated active during 1-day bear seasons and success averaging 318-507 hunters per bear harvested. In 1971-1979 total known bear losses were 92-129 for years with no hunting and 297-1017 for years with bear seasons. In hunting years, legal kills accounted for 70-84% of all losses; other significant causes of loss were illegal kills (including cubs), road kills, and damage control. Increasing hunting pressure in 1976 and 1977 and a decline in the average age of harvested bears from 4.2 in 1967 to 2.8 in 1976 led to closed seasons in 1977 and 1978. In 1979, a 1-day season resulted in 736 legal kills and 120 cub kills; known losses totaled 1017. A high reproductive rate and good cub survival, probably related to good nutriJz~ ( tion, have allowed the Pennsylvania black bear population to respond with sustained high productivity that has compensated for population losses in most years. Control of hunting pressure is the most important management need. & x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K~ x Bz'K~'K139 mA mAQ2;Beecham, John J.//Reynolds, Doyle G.//Hornocker, Maurice G.;KBlack bear denning activities and den characteristics in west-central IdahoK Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage1983 579-86*Denning activities and den characteristics of black bears (Ursus americanus) were studied in west-central Idaho during 1973-77. Den entry and emergence varied among bears and years, and the denning season extended from mid-October until mid-April. Thirty-one radio-instrumented bears were handled 83 times in 65 different dens. Forty-seven (72%) of the 65 dens were ground dens excavated into a hillside or under the base of a tree, stump, or shrub. Thirteen (20%) dens were located in the base of hollow trees and 5 (8%) in hollow logs or rock cavities. Bears denned at various elevations, slopes, and aspects, and under a variety of canopy coverages, but some selection for snow and vegetative cover characteristics at different elevations and aspects was noted. No significant differences in den dimensions were noted for specific sex or age classes of bears, except that adult males dug larger entances (P<0.05) than other bears. Four instances of den reuse were observed. ; x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1330 mA mAQP:Matula, George J. Jr.//Lindzey, James S.//Rothenbacher, H.:lSex, age, and seasonal differences in the blood profile of black bears captured in northeastern Pennsylvanial !Int._O $ Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1980449-56*Sixty-six blood samples were colleced from 44 livetrapped black bears (Ursus americanus) for 23 blood chemistry and hematology determinations. Statistical factorial experiments for analysis of variance revealed significant (P<0.25) individual variability for 19 of 23 blood characteristics. Male bears had significantly (P<0.05) high serum calcium, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCHC) than females. Cholesterol and MCH increased significantly with age; total protein and globulin were both significantly higher in adults than in yearlings or cubs, and total bilirubin in cubs and yearlings was significantlly higher than in adults. Predenning samples (1 July-31 Dcember) had significantly higher glucose, packed cell volume (PCV), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) but lower MCHC than postdenning (1 January-30 June) samples. Leukocyte differentials were comparable to findings by others. Of 48 serum samples submitted for brucellosis and 1 suspicious and 1 positive reaction were observed for leptospirosis; a female cub had 50 percent or more cell agglutination at a 1:1,600 dilution for Leptospira pomona. Examination of approximately 250 blood smears resulted in no observations of blood parasites. Gg x Bz'K~'Kg x Bz'K~'K}%g x Bz'K~'Kg x Bz'K~'Kag x Bz'K~'K1360 mA mAQZ7Stewart, Glenn R.//Siperek, John M.//Wheeler, Vernon R.7RUse of the cataleptoid anesthetic Cl-744 for the chemical restraint of black bearsR !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1980457-61*Warner-Lambert/Parke-Davis and Company have developed a new drug combination known as Cl-744 (to be marketed for veterinary use as Tilazol TM). Cl-744 is a 1:1 ratio oCN~ ,f the phencyclidine hydrochloride (Sernylan) analogue tiletamine hydrochloride and a non-phenothiazine tranquilizer, zolazepam hydrochloride. Field trials of Cl-744 in 39 black bears (Ursus americanus) showed its effects to be similar to a 1:1 mixture of Sernylan and promazine hydrochloride. However, Cl-744 provides the advantages of shorter restraint time, faster recovery, less salivary and respiratory secretion, and ease of use (no supplemental drugs were needed). Based on 25 immobilizations (22 bears) for which complete and accurate data are available, mean values of 4 important parameters were: induction time, 7 minutes; restraint time, 81 minutes; emergence time, 36 minutes; total down, 117 minutes. Mean dosage rate was 4.1 mg/kg, but the optimum for routine field work is about 4.0 mg/kg.a. x Bz'K~'K. x Bz'K~'K_. x Bz'K~'K1370 mA mAQdHanai, MasamitsuUPopulation characteristics of the Japanese black bear in Hakusan National Park, JapanU !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1980463-66*A population study of the Japanese black bears (Selenarctos thibetanus japonicus) harvested by the traditional hunting method was initiated in 1970 in Hakusan National Park and vicinity, central Japan. The hunting season lasts about 40 days from early April until early May during a time of heavy snow cover. A total of 265 bears were killed from 1970 to 1976 and 88 skulls were available for age determination. Their average age was 6.64 years (SD = 5.38 years), and younger bears (1-6 years old) made up aproximately 65 percent of the sample. The sex ratio did not significantly differ from 50:50. L|N~ $4 Age structure and sex ratio are likely to be biased because of the lesser vulnerability of females with cubs to hunting. 0 x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K0 x Bz'K~'K1380 mA mAQnWatanabe, Hiroyuki-Damage to conifers by the Japanese black bear- #Int. Conf. of Bear Res. and Manage.#1980467-70*The Japanese black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus japonicus Schlegal) removes bark from both broad-leaved and coniferous trees in Japan. These injuries are predominantly inflicted on coniferous species over an extensive geographical area on Honshu and Shikoku islands. Seventeen conifer species are known to be attacked. The bark is typically removed at the base of the tree and the exposed sapwood is gnawed and presumably eaten by bears. Tree feeding occurs mainly between mid-June and mid-July. Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), the most useful timber species in Japan, sustain the most severe damage. Most Japanese cedar trees sustain bole circumference girdling of 10-40 percent without showing symptoms of distress, but trees with 50 percent or more girdling usually display evidence of serious weakening. Trees completely girdled eventually die. Tree wounds are subject to infections that can deteriorate wood quality. Prevention of bear damage is an imposing challenge to Japanese forestry.  x Bz'K~'K) x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K\ x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1390*&V ,< mA mAQxAzuma, Shigeru//Torii, HarumiAImpact of human activities on survival of the Japanese black bearA $Int. Conf. of Bear Res. and Manage. $1980471-79*OThe range of the Japanese subspecies of the Himalayan black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus japonicus) has declined in western Honshu. In Kyushu and Shikoku, local populations are approaching extinction. Meanwhile, the annual harvest of bears has increased from less than 1,000 to 2,000 between 1950 and 1972, largely resulting from the increasing number of control kills. The distribution dynamics and the ecological consequences of the impact of human activities on 4 subpopulations were studied. Reductions in bear range and outbreaks of tree damage by bears were found closly associated with the rapid disappearance of natural forest. Present control practices and the various types of habitat destruction made these subpopulations increasingly vulnerable, and in 2 cases, partial or complete elimination of a subpopulation was confirmed. B x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1400 mA mAQ$Wooldridge, Donald R.//Belton, Peter$BNatural and synthesized aggressive sounds as polar bear repellentsB Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1980485-91*Aggressive sounds were recorded during a confrontation between 2 male polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps). These sounds were analyzed for frequency content, envelope, rhythmic patterns, and duration. Nine synthetic versions were generated to simplify, duplicate, or exaggerate components of the orginal sounds. The behaviour of 5 captive polar bears, 2 captive brown bears (U. arctos L.) 13 wild blac;kN~ *4Dk bears (U. americanus Pallas), and 18 wild polar bears was observed in response to these sounds. One or more of the variants produced a significant repellent effect in each bear tested. We defined a repellent effect as an immediate and rapid movement away from the speaker, with a continued retreat as long as the sound was produced. The effects of these sounds on the heart rate of captive polar bears were measured with an implanted heart-rate transmitter. The 4 sounds with the greatest apparent effect in the field also produced the greatest increases in heart rate in the captive implanted polar bear. SC x Bz'K~'KC x Bz'K~'KC x Bz'K~'K C x Bz'K~'KC x Bz'K~'KZ C x Bz'K~'KNC x Bz'K~'K1410  mA mAQ%Hensel, Richard J.//Sorensen, Fred E.%%Age determination of live polar bears% Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1980493-100*The reliability of counting cem entum annulations in premolar sections was evaluated for age determination in live polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Structural irregularities in cementum deposits decreased accuracy of age assignments.  Displacements of the neonatal line toward the exterior margin of cementum growth resulted in erroneous aging for young animals. Striated, wavered, and doubled growth layers affected accuracy for ol der animals. Sixty-eight unlabeled tooth slides representing 57 known-age bears, examined by 3 independent investigators, revealed that only 32-45 percent were correctly aged. Analysis of age-relate d body measurements of 46 male and 63 female polar bears of known age showed that morphometric regression equations could be used as an age indicator. Reproductive status, general body size, and toot PN~ <L h replacement or wear used as criteria to tentatively age animals in the field, combined with subsequent cementum counts and growth regression analyses, provided reliable age determinations.  u  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'Kp  x Bz'K~'K1420! mA mAQ$Lentfer, Jack W.//Hensel, Richard J.$Alaskan polar bear denning Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19804101-108*Information on 35 overwinter maternity den!s of Alaskan polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps) and on 101 female polar bears with cubs, recently emerged from dens, was obtained by aerial and ground surveys, interviews with Arctic coast residents!, and literature review. Pregnant females form snow dens in October and November and give birth in December and January. Females and cubs emerge from dens in late March and April. Factors necessary! for continued successful denning in an area include ice movements that enable bears to reach the area in the fall; the availability of seals as a food source and ice conditions facilitating their cap!ture during the predenning and postdenning periods; and suitable weather conditions (snowfall, wind, and ambient temperatures) and topography that combine to produce snowdrifts that do not thaw during! the denning period. Dens consist of 1 or more chambers, connecting tunnels, and entrance-exit tunnels. Alaskan dens were found as far inland as 48 km from the coast, along the coast, on offshore is!lands, on shorefast ice, and on drifting sea ice. Bears denning in the coastal zone are subject to human disturbance and should receive protection. D x Bz'K~'K!K x Bz'K~'KT x Bz'K~'K1430^ ;k+[ DT" mA mAQJLentfer, Jack W.//Hensel, Richard J.//Gilbert, James R.//Sorensen, Fred E.J1Population characteristics of Alaskan polar bears1 !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1980"4109-115*A mark-recapture study of Alaskan polar bears (Ursus maritimus) was conducted between 1967 and 1976. Of 809 bears tagged, 147 were recaptured 1 or more times or killed by hunters." Three-year-old males and 6- and 7-year-old females were underrepresented in the captured sample. Analyses of cohort age composition over time indicated male (age 6+) and female (age 8+) annual surv"ival rate of 0.84. Average litter size was 1.63 and breeding interval was 3.6 years. The age of first successful breeding for females was 5.4 years. For adult females, the average number of young p"er year was 0.45. With these fecundity estimates, the annual juvenile survival rate of 0.97 calculated from cohort data is that which is required to maintain population size. / x"f Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1440# mA mAQBelikov, S. E.JDistribution and structure of dens of female polar bears in Wrangel IslandJ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19804117*During the period 19#71-76, the number of dens of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Drem-Head Mountains (25 km on the northwest side of Wrangel Island) underwent radical changes, ranging from a maximum of 63 de#ns note in 1975 to a minimum of 17 dens in 1976. The number of dens was not directly related to spring snow depth. The topography of the snow cover is very specific each year, depending on the di#rection of prevailing winds, slope exposure, absolute and relative elevation, and steepness. This results in uneven distribution of dens. More than half of the dens were found at middle elevations (,\N~ L\#101-300m); snow depth here (average 137 cm) was 1.5 times less than at lower elevations and 1.35 times greater than at higher elevations. It is possible that females avoid areas of both too deep and #too shallow snow cover. Slopes with terraces which are not relatively high (up to 50 m) and with average steepness of 10-30 are especially favorable for the accumulation of snow, and it is here# where most dens are found. While bears are in their dens, changes in wind direction cause redistribution of snow, resulting in many dens becoming unsuitable (half-opened dens and dens with thin #roofs). Females often leave such dens and dig temporary dens or occasionally reoccupy deserted ones. The proportion of temporary dens is higher in years with little snow. Many dens show signs #of the digging activity of the female; this is very conspicuous in dens with several chambers. The digging activity of the female brings about changes in the thermal and gas regimes in the den. If t# he female does not dig out a new chamber upward but digs it along or down the slope, the "igloo" principle--that the chamber of the den should be located higher than the entrance hole for preservation# of heat in the den--may be violated. In dens located in areas with little snow where the snow cover upslope becomes thinner, the igloo principle may be easily violated. Of 131 dens examined, 8# 5 (65 percent) were maternal, 19 (15 percent) were temporary, and 27 (20 percent) were of unknown character. The relative proportions of maternal and temporary dens enables us to more precisely defin# e the number of breeding females in the population. E x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1450HN~ Td$ mA mAQUspenski, S. M.//Belikov, S. E.?Data on the winter ecology of the polar bear in Wrangel Island ? !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804119*zAnalysis of t$he reproductive segment of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) population of the study area in the Drem-Head Mountains of western Wrangel Island indicated that the distribution and, to some extent, the n$umber of dens in specific areas of Wrangel Island are dependent on characteristics of the autumn snow accumulation which, in turn, is subject to the prevailing winds and amount of precipitation. With$ drastic changes in snow cover, females may change the location of their dens, particularly during years with little snow. One hundred thirty-one dens located in snow of the current winter were $thoroughly examined and partly dug out. Some pregnant females had used dens preserved in the last season's snow. Bear families remained in the opened dens for 1 day to 2-3 weeks; dens with thin roof$s were the first to be left. Occasionally, the female stayed near the den and made a temporary den. The number of temporary dens grew in years with little snow. Temporary dens were usually occupied$ only for several days, but in one case a female with cubs stayed in the temporary den for more than 30 days. Temperatures in the inhabited dens were found to fluctuate less than temperatures ou$tside the dens, and the temperature inside the dens was 5-17C higher than that outside the dens. Average litter size at the end of the denning period was 1.80 (N=136); this does not differ cons$iderably from litter sizes in other parts of polar bear range. Twenty-eight percent of the litters had 1 cub, 68 percent had 2 cubs, and 4 percent had 3 cubs. The male:female ratio in litters in the^N~ 1\l$ western areas of Wrangel Island was 61:39, in eastern areas, it was 44:56. Average weights of females and cubs, den numbers, and average snow depth on the study area in 1973-76 were continually $ changing, indicating that the population goes through certain difficulties. This may be related to unknown changes in the distribution and number of seals, the main prey of the polar bear. Coun$ ts of dens opened in the springs of 1964, 1970, 1973, and 1976 indicate an increase in the number of breeding female polar bears in the Wrangel Island area. 8 x Bz'K~'K$ S x Bz'K~'K3 x Bz'K~'K1460% mA mAQ)Hamilton, Robert J.//Marchinton, R. Larry)TDenning and related activities of black bears in the coastal plain of North CarolinaT !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1980%4121-126*Black bear (Ursus americanus) activities in southeastern North Carolina were determined by radiotelemetry, trapping success, track counts, scat collections, and hunter harvests f%rom May 1974 to January 1977. All data indicated that bear activity decreased progressively in autumn. The only significant winter movement was by males, 3 years old and younger. Four bears denned %on the ground in dense Carolina bay vegetation. One adult female denned in a bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) with an entrance cavity approximately 25 m above the water. The earliest date for denni%ng by radio-monitored bears was 5 December and latest emergence was 22 April. Five bears remained inactive for periods ranging from 85 to 113 days, averaging 102. An adult male had the shortest perio%d of inactivity. Two subadult males remained active throughout the midwinter. Postdenning movements gradually increased and reached a peak during breeding season in June and July.   Iy~ 0dt%x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1470& mA mAQ Hugie, Roy D. MSpecies planning: an approach to black bear management and research in MaineM !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804127-129*The Maine Dep&artment of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife began the active phase of comprehensive species planning in 1974 and implemented the resultant plan for black bears (Ursus americanus) in 1975. The black bear&'s past, present and projected future status were evaluated in terms of interrelationships among population, density, distribution, habitat, use-demand, and use-opportunity. Alternate goals and objec&tives were formulated for presentation to wildlife professionals, administrative personnel, and selected segments of the public. The goal set for the black bear was to maintain 1970-74 levels of abun&dance, distribution, and use. The objective was to provide for an annual harvest of about 800-1,000 bears by 30,000 hunters statewide, with maximum allowable harvest differing according to management& units. Experience thus far indicates that comprehensive species planning has greatly benefited black bear management in Maine and can be highly recommended for other areas. K x &eBz'K~'KK x Bz'K~'K!K x Bz'K~'K1480' mA mAQEAlt, Gary L.//Matula, George J. Jr.//Alt, Floyd W.//Lindzey, James S.EVDynamics of home range and movements of adult black bears in northeastern PennsylvaniaV !Int. Conf. Bear' Res. and Manage. !19804131-136*Home range and movement patterns of 17 radiocollared adult black bears (Ursus americanus) were determined from approximately 2,000 radio-locations o =m l|'btained between January 1973 and December 1976 in northeastern Pennsylvania. Total home range size averaged 173 km for males and 41 km for females. Females traveling with offspring used larger are'as than solitary females. Seasonal variations in home range and movement patterns were extensive. Maximum home range size and maximum daily movements of adult males and breeding females occurred dur'ing the June and July breeding season, whereas home range size and movements of females with cubs increased from spring through summer, peaking in September. Monthly home range size and distance betw'een daily sequential locations were directly related (R=0.74), indicating that as bears increase their home range size they also become more mobile. Home ranges for both sexes appeared to be geograp'hically stable both on an annual and seasonal basis. H) x Bz'K~'K) x Bz'K~'K) x Bz'K~'K1490( mA mAQ$Beeman, Larry E.//Pelton, Michael R.$HSeasonal foods and feeding ecology of black bears in the Smoky MountainsH Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19804141-147(*Between June 1969 and January 1972, 75 stomachs and 1,025 scats from black bears (Ursus americanus) were collected from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and vicinity for food content analys(is. Grasses and the other herbaceous leaves and stems, squawroot (Conopholis americana), huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.), black cherry (Prunus serotina), acorns from oaks (Quercus spp.), blackberrie(s (Rubis spp.), and blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) composed 81 percent of the diet by volume. Eleven percent of the food consumed was animal matter, principally Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Artificial Iy N~ t(food constituted 6 percent of the diet. The most critical season with regard to food availability appears to be late fall because mast (nuts) is the only preferred natural food source available and m(ast failures occur frequently. There is additional evidence that nutrition, productivity, movement, and bear/person incidents are also influenced by feeding ecology of the species.RW (x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'K W x Bz'K(~'KW x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'K(W x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'K W x Bz'K~'KW x Bz'K~'K1500) mA mAQ6Pelton, Michael R.//Beeman, Larry E.//Eagar, Daniel C.6GDen selection by black bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National ParkG Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1980)4149-151*Dens of black bears (Ursus americanus) were located in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park using radiotelemetry. Bears preferred cavities located high in large trees; 7 dens )were 6-17 m aboveground. Dens were associated with northern hardwood and cove hardwood forest types. All but 2 of the 12 dens located were at elevations above 1,000 m. The average dbh of 7 den tree)s was 97.1 cm. Inside dimensions of 7 tree dens averaged 218.4 x 59.6 x 62.0 cm. Tree dens are of definite survival value to bears, particularly females and cubs. Such dens offer protection from pr9iN~ .|)ecipitation, cold temperatures, and human activities. Perpetuation of tree dens outside protected areas such as national parks is unlikely under current forest management practices.  )nx Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1510* mA mAQ$Kordek, Walter S.//Lindzey, James S.$PPreliminary analysis of female reproductive tracts from Pennsylvania black bearsP Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 1980415*9-161*Reproductive tracts were collected from 87 female black bears (Ursus americanus) killed by hunters in northeastern and north-central Pennsylvania during November 1974 and 1975. Pregnant a*nimals carried an average of 2.75 corpora lutea. Corpora lutea were significantly larger in tracts that had implantations than in tracts during the delay stage. The sources of ova were found to be e*qually divided between ovaries. Twelve blastocysts and 22 implanted embroys were examined. Variation in development stage among these samples indicated that implantation occurred late November or ea*rly in December. An average of 2.88 placental scars were observed in animals bearing scars. Potential recruitment from first breeding (2.39 animals) was significantly less than from second or later *breedings (3.23 animals). Minimum breeding age for female bears was 2.5 years, at which time 38 percent of the animals bred. The majority of females bred by the time they were 3.5 years old. A very* low incidence of nonbreeding females was found. ? x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1520+ mA mAQ4Clarke, Stephen H.//O'Pezio, John//Hackford, Charles4%Fostering black bear cubs in the wild% Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19804163-166*Three black bea4d$T +r (Ursus americanus) cubs were abandoned, at approximately 2 weeks of age, on 4 February 1976, in New York State's Catskill region. The dens of 4 radio-telemetered adult female bears were located by +the Department of Environmental Conservation during research on the black bear population in the Catskills. Two of the abandoned cubs were placed in the only maternity den existing among the 4 radio-+telmetered female bears. The 6-week-old foster cubs were accepted by the adult female bear. The foster mother left the den in mid-April accompanied by 3 cubs. The family group was observed twice fr+om radiotracking aircraft during the spring and summer of 1976.  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1530, mA mAQLeCount, Albert L.;Some aspects of black bear ecology in the Arizona chaparral; Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19804175-179*A study of the black bear (,Ursus americanus) on a 100 km study area in the chaparral vegetation type of Arizona was initiated in 1973. During the subsequent 3.5-year period, 44 individual bears were captured and minimum densi,ty of 1 bear per 2 km was estimated. Twenty-eight bears were radio-instrumented and more than 1,100 locations were recorded. The radio-locations indicated that subadult males have a home range aver,aging 42 km, adult males 29 km, adult females 18 km and subadult females 13 km. There is considerable overlap of home ranges among adult males. A lesser degree of overlap was observed for adult ,females. Twenty-four dens were located. Most den sites were at elevations between 1,300 and 1,500 m. Some bears den by 1 November, the majority by 15 November. Emergence from dens begins about 15 UE~ ,March and all bears, except females with cubs, leave their dens by 15 April. Females with cubs remain at den sites approximately 30 days longer.  x Bz'K~'K ,Hx Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1540- mA mAQ'Poelker, Richard J.//Parsons, Lowell D.'*Black bear hunting to reduce forest damage* !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804191-193*Before 1973, the State- of Washington had a spring black bear (Ursus americanus) season from 1 April to 30 June throughout most of the area west of the Cascades in an attempt to alleviate damage to forest tree reproduction.- Extensive efforts by professional control hunters were still needed to keep damage at an acceptable level. Indications that sport hunting might be more effective in controlling damage resulted in a-n effort to concentrate sport hunting in problem damage areas. The general spring season was discontinued and a system of special hunts, by unit, was established. The extent of the area open to hunt-ing was reduced by about 75 percent. Success of the program was evaluated by comparing 3 years' data collected under the unit system with 3 year's data from the general open season. The bear kill in-creased from an average of 503 per year in the general open season to 740 per year under the unit system. Bear tag sales increased by 81 percent during the same period. > x Bz'K-`~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1550. mA mAQ%Zardus, Maurice J.//Parsons, David J.%@Black bear management in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks@ !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804195-200*TrFv>n. .aditionally, black bear (Ursus americanus) management at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks has consisted mainly of efforts to remove problem animals. In recent years, the ready availability of .human food has been recoginized as the real problem. The parks' current bear management program is aimed at eliminating all unnatural food sources in an effort to allow the bears to lead as natural a. life as possible.  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'Kz x Bz'K~'K1560/ mA mAQ"Harms, Dale R./Black bear management in Yosemite National Park/ Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19804205-212*xConflicts between park visitors and the Ame/rican black bear (Ursus americanus) in Yosemite National Park pose serious management problems for the National Park Service and often result in extreme inconvenience and monetary losses to park visit/ors. Food-reward associations with humans have resulted in the loss of the black bear's instinctive fear of people and in the development of highly sophisticated patterns of depredation. A managemen/t program consisting of 5 basic elements was implemented in the spring of 1975 to meet bear management objectives of the National Park Service. The efforts of management on bears and park visitors we/re evaluated by monitoring the patterns of damage that bears displayed before and during the program. Analyses of data accrued from property damage, personal injuries, and control of problem bears we/re also made. The results of these analyses are discussed and their implications applied to management practices and research needs. Comparisons of data accrued before and through the first 2 years 'WG /of the program appear to support the hypothesis that the program is achieving its stated objectives. = x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K+ x/ Bz'K~'K15700 mA mAQ,)Lindzey, Frederick G.//Meslow, E. Charles)JHarvest and populations characteristics of black bears in Oregon (1971-74)J !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !198042103-219*~Sixty-six percent of black bears (Ursus americanus) harvested in Oregon during the 1971-74 sport-hunting seasons were killed by persons hunting other game at the time. Male bears, however0, were harvested most heavily during the months when the majority of bears taken were killed by persons hunting exclusively for bears. Most females bred as 3- or 4-year-olds but produced fewer cubs i0n their first litter than were produced by bears older than 5 years. Survival of females in age-classes 1-5 was significantly higher than survival of males in the same age-classes. Survival did not 0differ between sexes in bears older than 6 years. " x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'KL x Bz'K~'K15801 mA mAQ6Kelleyhouse, David G.9Habitat utilization by black bears in northern California9 !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804221-227*A study was conducted dur1ing May-September 1974 as an integral part of a comprehensive population analysis of black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas) in Trinity County, California, by the California Department of Fish and Game.1 Habitat types on the study area were delineated and evaluated, and the selection and use of each type by black bears were estimated from all fresh bear sign encountered during trapping and radiotraciAq 1king activities. Scats were collected and analyzed for frequency of occurrence and percentage volume of food items. Bear sign in wet meadows accounted for 55 percent of all sign found during May alt1hough wet meadows comprised less than 1 percent of the study area. Mixed conifer forest received heavy bear use during all periods except late August, when bears forage for insects in decayed logs an1d stumps in high-elevation partial cuts. Black bears used manzanita (Arctostaphylosspp.) brush habitats extensively during late summer and fall to feed on manzanita berries. A failure of the manzani1ta berry crop in 1973 was believed to have caused a higher rate of subadult mortality and a lower rate of cub production in 1974. { x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'1K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K15902mAmAQ@Buchalczyk, TadeuszThe brown bear in Poland !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804229-232*In early times, the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) was preserv2ed by law for royal hunts and occurred in large numbers in the extensive forests of Poland. From the 16th century on, its destruction became increasingly intensive, and by the end of World War l, onl2y a few bears were left. Full legal protection was given the bear in 1952. Attempts to reintroduce the bear into the Bialowieza Primeval Forest were halted by World War ll. At present, there is a w2estern population (Tatra Mountains) and an eastern poulation (western Bieszczady Mountains) in Poland. Their combined numbers are estimated to be about 30, with a density of 0.02-0.33 animals per 1,0200 ha. Because of increasing human activities and interference in the bear's range, preservation of the bear populations will soon require the establishment of extensive and less disturbed areas in wJzN~ G2hich the brown bear can live in comparative security.   x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'Kg x Bz'K~'K16003mAmAQJ Rben, Peter (Status of the brown bear in the Pyrenees( !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804243-247*%The population size of the Pyrenean brown bear (Urs3us arctos L.) has declined from about 200 animals to 20 or even less during the past 40 years. Distribution covered the Pyrenean slopes from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean Sea but is now restricte3d to an area of about 800 km in the western French Pyrenees. This area includes a national park, which, however, covers only a small portion of the bear's habitat. Thus, the bear is living largely 3outside the reserve. Forest exploitation and other human activities within the bear's range have been minimal until recently, so the species was able to withstand man's impact. However, a developmen3tal program begun in 1976 will severely deteriorate the mountain landscape and, if allowed to continue, will bring the Pyrenean brown bear to extinction. 0 x Bz'K~'K 3P x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K16104mAmAQT Roth, Hans U. 'Defecation rates of captive brown bears' !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804249-253*The number of scats dropped by captive European bro4wn bears (Ursus arctos) was recorded in all months of the year, 1971-73. An overall total of 3,634 scats was recorded in 1,094 bear-days. Clear seasonal differences were found, with low values of ab4out 2 scats per bear-day from November through June and higher values in the remaining months, and with a distinct peak in August of 7.19 scats per bear-day for adults. Extremes observed ranged from 3 ;k T40 to 11 scats per bear-day. Preliminary data indicate at least a 28 percent higher defecation rate for cubs. Significant (P<0.01) differences were found among individual bears kept under identical c4onditions. Possible application of these findings to estimation of bear densities or bear use in the wild is discussed. = x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K40 x Bz'K~'K16205mAmAQ^Bjrvall, AndersBThe brown bear in Sweden--distribution, abundance, and management B !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804255-257*Between 1913 and 19425, the brown bear (Ursus arctos) was totally protected on state land in Sweden. The resultant increase in the population allowed a shooting season to be established in 1943 in 2 areas, in central and 5northern Sweden. Official shooting statistics show that the annual harvest of bears decreased sharply after 1971 even though the population was believed to be increasing. To resolve the status of th5e brown bear, a nationwide survey embodying questionnaires and some field work was carried out in 1975-76. Reports from Lapp villages, local affiliates of the Swedish Sportsmen's Association, large l5umber companies, and the Swedish Forest Service were used to determine the nationwide distribution of the species and to estimate the maximum and minimum numbers of bears for each area that reported. 5 Survey results indicate that the present brown bear population numbers 400-600 individuals widely but very unevenly distributed in northern and central Sweden, with marked concentrations in the north5ern parts of Jmtland and in wooded and low mountain areas in central Norrbotten. As a result of the survey, it is suggested that the open season be abolished and that a license system be established&V 5 for better adjustment of the harvest to the true distribution of the species. ' x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K165306mAmAQhMarkov, Georgi1On the distribution of the brown bear in Bulgaria1 Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 19804259*Fossils of the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) a6nd the cave bear (U. spelaeus Blum.) from Bulgaria indicate that during the Diluvium the brown bear was rarer than the cave bear. About the end of the Diluvium and the beginning of the Aluvium, the c6ave bear became extinct and the brown bear spread through Bulgaria. According to Ruskov (1959), there were 450 brown bears in the mountains of Bulgaria in 1959. The low number of bears was becau6se hunting laws dating from 1897 considered it a harmful animal; this law was repealed in 1941. Another reason for the low number is increasing economic development in the mountains. The number of b6rown bears is now satisfactory (about 520 individuals); hunting is forbidden and the species will not become extinct. Craniological and dentographic data from 7 crania (3 males and 4 females) of 6brown bears from the mountains of Rila and Pirin indicate that the condylobasal lengths are within the limits of 18 individuals of Ursus arctos arctos from the European part of the USSR (Ognev 1931). 6 Precise subspecific determination of Bulgarian brown bears will be possible when more crania are available. S x Bz'K~'K S x Bz'K~'KS 6x Bz'K~'K S x Bz'K~'KS x Bz'K~'KS x Bz'K~'KS x Bz'K~'K1640^+[ 7mAmAQrZavadski, B. P.-Ecology of the brown bear in the Enisei Taiga- !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804261*:The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is very important7 in the USSR from a practical point of view: It is a source of valuable hunting trophies; the meat is nourishing; the high-calorie fat has medicinal properties; the bile is in high demand in medicine7; and by consuming the carcasses of dead animals, the bear performs a sanitary function in nature. Our research on the ecology of the brown bear was conducted in 1967-76, in a 35,000 km area in7 the middle of the Siberian taiga, where the Podkamennaya Tunguska discharges its waters into the Enisei River. We gathered 72 skulls of animals of different sex and age, took measurements and weight7s of 38 animals, analyzed the stomach contents of 29 animals, and determined the ages of 62 specimens by tooth cementum layers. This paper describes the measurements and life history of the brown7 bear, including four annual feeding periods which may be differentiated. Bears in the Siberian taiga appear to have a selective impact on the moose population. Cases of bear cannibalism are known. 7Bears very seldom attack people.  x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K16508mAmAQ|Johnson, Loyal,Brown bear management in southeastern Alaska, !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804263-270*6Brown bears (Ursus arctos) inhabit the mainla8nd of southeast Alaska and islands north of Frederick Sound. Greatest numbers occur in Alaska Game Management Unit 4, the ABC (Admiralty, Baranof, and Chichagof) islands, where about 70 percent of th7gN~ =8e southeastern harvest is taken. Average sport harvests increased from 51 bears per year (1949-56) to 60 per year (1962-72) to 141 in 1975. Other pertinent harvest statistics have remained fairly co8nsistent since 1949: average skin size (length plus width), 4.1 m; average skull size (length plus width), 54.6 cm. Based on dental annuli, ages of males have averaged 8.1 years since 1968. The hig8hest mean annual age was 9.4 years in 1976. The goal of management is to maintain a high-quality hunting experience, which an annual harvest rate of 60-80 animals per year will do much to provide. H8arvest statistics gathered over the past 30 years will provide guidelines to insure that management plans are biologically sound. Current regulations that should limit the harvest to desired levels a8re a $25 tag fee for resident hunters and a limit on the number of guides who can operate in Unit 4. If these fail, time-space zoning, further restrictions on guides, or ultimately permit-only huntin8g will be necessary. Transfer of nearly 151,760 ha to private land through the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and continuing large-scale clearcut logging further cloud the management issue, but 8with prudent management policies, high-quality and reasonably high-quantity brown bear sport hunting should be possible for many years to come.   x Bz'K~'K  8 Gx Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K16609mAmAQ Glenn, Leland P.//Miller, Leo H. ?Seasonal movements of an Alaska Peninsula brown bear population? !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804307-312* On the c9entral Alaska Peninsula, 344 different coastal brown bears (Ursus arctos L.) were immobilized and marked during 5 spring seasons. Between 1970 and 1976, the observed locations of 123 marked bears wer N~ D9e determined 354 times, and the locations of 139 marked bears killed by hunters during spring and fall hunting seasons were recorded. Bears moved greater distances per unit of time during spring than9 during other seasons of the year. Summer movements were restricted as bears concentrated along streams to feed on salmon. Dispersal away from streams began in late summer. Denning usually began by9 mid-November, but some bears remained out of hibernation through mid-December. The seasonal ranges of 30 adult females averaged 293 km and those of 4 adult males averaged 262 km. Limited movement9 data for adult males suggested that males spent more time than females in or near escape cover. The mobility and spring distribution of adult females were related to changes in their reproductive st9atus. Single adult females moved further than females accompanied by young. Females with 1-to 3-year-old young utilized open lowland areas during the spring and tended to be in mountainous terrain w9hen breeding and when accompanied by young through age 6 months. Subadult males were more transient than females, tending to move out of their maternal seasonal range after family separation; subadul9t females tended to remain. The seasonal range of 5 subadult males and of 6 subadult females averaged 740 km and 224 km, respectively. D x Bz'K~'K  x9 @ Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K1670:mAmAQGlenn, Leland P.KMorphometric characteristics of brown bears on the central Alaska PeninsulaK !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804313-319*On the centr:al Alaska Peninsula 344 different brown bears (Ursus arctos L.) were measured during 502 captures in 5 spring seasons, 1970-75. Height at shoulder, chest girth, total body length, neck circumference,N~ : hind-foot length, zygomatic width, skull length, total skull size, and body weight were measured and classified by sex and cementum age. Growth rates were plotted. No morphometric differences were :detected between sexes at 6 months of age, but sexual dimorphism was evident by 1.5 years of age and persisted through life. Except for zygomatic width, female bears attained at least 95 percent of u:ltimate body dimensions between ages 4 and 6 years and males between ages 6 and 8 years. Zygomatic width was the last dimension to attain ultimate size. Extensive size overlap was demonstrated among: bears 1.5 years and older of the same sex. Superior size-weight correlations were derived from zygomatic width. It was demonstrated that the sex of bears over 9 years of age could be determined on :the basis of total skull size. Serial measurements of adult bears were tested for accuracy of repetitive measurements. Skull dimensions were the least affected by inaccuracies in measuring technique:. Correlations (r) for models tested revealed that skull dimensions were the best indicators of growth rate. Of the 10 dimensions studied, none provided a reliable age substitue for counting cement:al annuli. ; x Bz'K~'K  x Bz'K~'KH x Bz'K~'K1680;mAmAQBall, Ronald E.KTime-lapse cameras as an aid in studying grizzly bears in northwest WyomingK !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !19804331-335*Time-lapse ca;meras were effective for gathering limited distribution and population data on grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and black bears (Ursus americanus) in northwest Wyoming. Thirty-six stations, each consistiON~ !;ng of a camera and a lure, were monitored for 551 camera-days; 83 rolls of film were exposed. Five different lures were tested. Thirty-one bears (5 grizzly, 25 black, 1 unknown bear) were identified; at 15 stations. Young:adult and young:female ratios observed (0.4 and 1.5 for black bears and 0.7 and 2.0 for grizzlies) corresponded well with those of other researchers in the region. One sightin;g recorded on film extended the known range of the grizzly bear in the Shoshone National Forest. k* x Bz'K~'K * x Bz'K~'K* x Bz;c'K~'K* x Bz'K~'K,* x Bz'K~'K1690<mAmAQ8Craighead, John J.//Craighead, Frank C. Jr.//Sumner, Jay8hReproductive cycles and rates in the grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, of the Yellowstone Ecosystem3 <x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K x Bz'K~'K !Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. !1974 3337-356* DISCUSSION - p. 355 - We ha<ve shown that reproductive parameters of Yellowstone grizzlies are highly variable. Ages at first pregnancy ranged from 4.5 to 8.5 years, reproductive cycles from 2 to 7 years, litters from 1 to 4 cu<bs, and reproductive rates from 0.286 to 1.500 for the individual females studied. Presumedly, flexibility of these biological parameters should enable the species to adjust to environmental factors <that affect the population favorably or unfavorably. However, for a long-lived species exhibiting delayed maturity these compensatory reproductive processes (increases in litter size, decreases in le<ngth of reproductive cycle, and/or higher survivorship rates for sub-adult bears) would act slowly. On the other hand, population regulating mechanisms (infanticides from aggressive males and hormona)Y~ <l activity regulating the intervals between estrus in females) are factors that can offset compensatory processes. Infanticide was low (eight records). The great variability in the sequences of repr<oductive cycles could be important in regulating reproduction, but it will be difficult to draw conclusions from this information until similar data are obtained from other populations and norms estab<lished. The grizzly bear is at the top of its food chain, and under primitive conditions has had few natural enemies, partially explaining the relatively low reproductive rate. In modern times,< man has developed the capability of inflicting rapid and heavy mortality. There is no scientific evidence that the grizzly bear has the capacity to compensate for the high mortality rates inflicted < by man. On the contrary, Craighead et al. (1974) have shown that the Yellowstone grizzly cannot sustain a high death rate for even a short period of time without critically lowering the population le< vel. Any abnormal mortality such as undue control by man or excessive hunting, or both, should be viewed with concern because it can cause a rapid irreversible decline in population size. The histor< ic decline of the grizzly bear in the western United States has probably resulted from the species' low reproductive rate and its inability to cope with man-induced mortality and drastic habitat chang< es. The grizzly has been able to survive only in large national parks and national forest wilderness areas where spacious habitats have, until recently, insulated the species from excessive mortality<. If threatened with high mortality rates, the grizzly will face extinction just as surely as it did in California some 50 years ago. Where mortality rates are known to be high (Yellowstone ecos^N~ <ystem) or are of uncertain status (Bob Marshall-Scapegoat Wilderness), we believe it would be prudent for game managers to apply the long-term average reproductive rates presented in this paper. To a<ssume higher rates for other populations, in the absence of any other long-term scientific evidence, is to take unjustifiable risks with a threatened species. 1700=mAmAQHerrero, Stephen]The Canadian national parks and grizzly bear ecosystems: the need for interagency management] Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 199497-21*=uCanada's current grizzly/brown bear (Ursus arctos) population estimate is between 22,000 and 28,000. The grizzlies' range can be su