Table of Contents Ursus 2      

Berns, Vernon D. and Hensel, Richard J. Radio tracking brown bears on Kodiak Island. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 19-25.  ->

Brooks, James W. Infra-red scanning for polar bear. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 138-141.  ->

Cole, Glen F. Preservation and management of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 274-288.  ->

Burghardt, Gordon M. and Burghardt, Lorraine S. Notes on the behavioral development of two female black bear cubs: the first eight months. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 207-220.

Burghardt, Gordon M., Hietala, Ronald O., and Pelton, Michael R. Knowledge and attitudes concerning black bears by users of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 255-273.

Cowan, I. McT. The status and conservation of bears (Ursidae) of the world--1970. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 343-367.

Craighead, Frank C. Jr. and Craighead, John J. Data on grizzly bear denning activities and behavior obtained by using wildlife telemetry. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 84-106.

Craighead, John C. and Craighead, Frank C. Jr. Grizzly bear-man relationships in Yellowstone National Park. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 304-332.

Curry-Lindahl, K. The brown bear (Ursus arctos ) in Europe: decline, present distribution, biology and ecology. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 74-83.

Folk, G. Edgar Jr., Folk, Mary A., and Minor, Judy J. Physiological condition of three species of bears in winter dens. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 107-124.  ->

Free, Stuart L. and McCaffrey, Eugene. Reproductive synchrony in the female black bear. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 199-206.

Greer, Kenneth R. Grizzly bear mortality and studies in Montana. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 53-66.

Herrero, Stephen. Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallus) and brown and grizzly bears (U. arctos Linne') of North America. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 221-231. ->

Herrero, Stephen. Introduction to the biology and management of bears. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 11-18.

Inukai, Tetsuo. Bear damage and bear control in Japan. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 333.

Jonkel, Charles J., Kolenosky, George B., Robertson, Richard J., and Russell, Richard H. Further notes on polar bear denning habits. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 142-158. ->

Kemp, G. A. Black bear population dynamics at Cold Lake, Alberta, 1968-70. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 26-31. ->

Kistchinkski, A. A. and Uspenski, S. M. Immobilization and tagging of polar bears in maternity dens. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 172-180. ->

Kistchinski, A. A. Life history of the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in North-east Siberia . 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 67-73. ->

Larson, Thor. Norwegian polar bear hunt, management and research . 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 159-164. ->

Lentfer, Jack W. Polar bear-sea ice relationships. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 165-171.

Lentfer, Jack W., Hensel, Richard J., Miller, Leo H., Glenn, Leland P., and Berns, Vernon D. Remarks on denning habits of Alaska brown bears. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 125-132.

March, John S. Bears and man in Glacier National Park, British Columbia, 1880-1980. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 289-296.

Pearson, A. M. Population characteristics of the northern interior grizzly in the Yukon Territory, Canada. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 32-35.

Pelton, Michael R. Use of foot trail travelers in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to estimate black bear (Ursus americanus) activity. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 36-42. ->

Stebler, A. M. Conservation of the grizzly--ecologic and cultural considerations. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 297-303.

Stonorov, Derek and Stokes, Allen W. Social behavior of the Alaska brown bear. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 232-242.

Uspenski, S. M. and Kistchinski, A. A. New data on the winter ecology of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps) on Wrangel Island. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 181-198. ->

Wakefield, Gary C. A summary of the black bear population characteristics in Pennsylvania. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 43-52. ->

Abstracts

Berns, Vernon D. and Hensel, Richard J. Radio tracking brown bears on Kodiak Island. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 19-25. 

As part of a continuing study on brown bears (Ursus arctos ), the movement patterns and activities are described on the basis of 247 fixes obtained from 14 radio-equipped bears during the summer and fall seasons of 1967-69 at the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.  The size of individual activity areas established by eight bears averaged 5.5 mi² and four bears used two activity areas each that averaged 5.7 mi² in size.  Activities were associated with food gathering and winter denning.  Fix frequency and location indicated that the 14 bears studied spent most or 50 percent of their time in lowland habitat.

Brooks, James W. Infra-red scanning for polar bear. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 138-141. 

An airborne imaging infra-red scanner was tested for its ability to detect and record the presence of polar bears on the Chukchi Sea ice pack.  The equipment and its manner of use is described.  A monitoring oscilloscope failed to reveal bears, although scan data recorded on magnetic tape and subsequently transferred to film did reveal the presence of polar bears and their fresh trails.  Additional testing under a wide range of weather and snow conditions appears warranted.

Cole, Glen F. Preservation and management of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 274-288. 

The paper presents general information on grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) numbers, increases in park visitors, the extent of human developments (camp-grounds, etc.), and garbage disposal facilities within Yellowstone Park.  Data are also presented on grizzly relationships to developments, garbage disposal sites, humans, and the results of management. Conclusions are made on conditions which favored the preservation of a grizzly population, the desirability of eliminating artificial food sources, the effects of repeated transplants of bears, and management actions which could reduce the opportunites for injuries to humans and the need to control bears.

> Folk, G. Edgar Jr., Folk, Mary A., and Minor, Judy J. Physiological condition of three species of bears in winter dens. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 107-124. 

            A.  Winter dormancy of the black and grizzly bear is characterized by a slow heart beat or bradycardia more prolonged than that found during the dive of marine mammals.
B.  This dormancy of the black and the grizzly bear seems fairly complete with few of these two species active in midwinter.  During this period of dormancy, for nearly six months in Alaska, these animals do not urinate, defecate, eat or drink.  In a sense their dormancy is more complete than that found in the typical mammalian hibernator which reduces his body temperature and metabolism, but awakens sporadically every four to ten days and may, then, eat, drink, urinate or defecate.
C.  Two male polar bears demonstrated that they too have the capacity to reduce physiological functions in midwinter.  This was much harder to prove in these animals than in the other two species.  Evidence is cited that many polar bears cannot prepare for this period of dormancy by laying down subcutaneous fat.  This probably prevents them from taking on this period of dormancy, although it is quite possible that at least for a month at a time even on the Polar Ice Pack, bears may make use of their ability to reduce heart rate and perhaps body temperature and metabolism.
D.  The test of the configuration of the EKG pattern has been applied to three species of bears; this pattern appears to be more like that of mammalian hibernators than like that of other types of mammals.

> Greer, Kenneth R. Grizzly bear mortality and studies in Montana. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 53-66. 

            Abstract: The former and present status of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) mortality in Montana is reviewed.  Laws revived in 1967 provide an accurate documentation of the grizzly harvest.  Commission regulations permit recovery of specific samples from grizzlies, harvested by hunters, for scientific purposes.  Grizzly heads are obtained and examined before being returned to the hunter.  Some illegal and marauding grizzly bears are taken each year in Montana.  These complete specimens are handled jointly with the Veterinary Research Laboratory.  The known man-caused mortality (including hunters) of grizzly bears in Montana during 1967, 1968, and 1969 was 41, 28, and 48, respectively.  Hunters harvested 24, 12, and 33 grizzlies for the respective years of 1967, 1968 and 1969.  Female grizzlies represented 39 percent of the hunter harvest in 1969, 25 percent in 1968 and 35 percent in 1967.  Internal parasites recovered from grizzly carcasses included: porkworm larvae (Trichinella spiralis), large roundworms (Baylisascaris transfuga), tapeworms (Taenia sp. and Diphyllobothrium sp.) and hookworms (Unicaria sp.). Trichinella was the most frequent parasite and occurred in 79 percent of the grizzlies in 1968 and 67 percent in 1969.  Routine testing for brucellosis and leptospirosis was negative.  Analysis of fat samples from 10 grizzly bears revealed only one had a pesticide residue and that was a trace of DDE and 0.06 ppm of heptachlor epoxide.  The regular appearance of grizzlies in the West Yellowstone dump is a potential danger to humans.

> Herrero, Stephen. Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallus) and brown and grizzly bears (U. arctos Linne') of North America. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 221-231. 

Abstract: Certain behavioral, ecological, morphological, and physiological differences between grizzly/brown bears and black bears are related to the different habitats favored by each species.  It is suggested that care of black bear cubs and hence reproductive success for black bears is tied to the forest biome, and that the grizzly/brown bear in branching out from the forest onto non-treed areas such as tundras, grasslands and prairie edges, gained rich new food sources, but also became more aggressive than the black bear, a behavioral adaptation to the cub care in this new habitat.

> Jonkel, Charles J., Kolenosky, George B., Robertson, Richard J., and Russell, Richard H. Further notes on polar bear denning habits. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 142-158. 

Abstract: Polar bears construct maternity dens in the snow throughout their range. The Owl River maternity denning area on the Manitoba coast of Hudson Bay, Canada, had a measured productivity of 100-150 cubs in 1970 and 1971. Maternity denning is now confirmed for the Twin Islands in James Bay, but estimates of productivity for James Bay and the Ontario coast of Hudson Bay should still be made.  Female polar bears build a variety of dens in the vicinity of their winter dens and along their route as they move to the sea ice.  This makes the censusing of maternity dens and estimating of productivity difficult.  The winter dens in Hudson and James bays differ from high artic dens in that earth chambers are used, with snow dens added as winter progresses.  Summer denning occurs along the Manitoba and Ontario coasts of Hudson Bay, and on the islands in James Bay.  Surface pits, shallow dens and deep burrows are the three basic types of earth dens built.  All three types appear to be constructed for temperature regulation by the bears, but each type is sometimes used later for shelter, protection from insects, protection from other bears or for winter dens.  These behavioural adaptations appear significant in delineating a discrete polar bear population for James Bay and southern Hudson Bay.

> Kemp, G. A. Black bear population dynamics at Cold Lake, Alberta, 1968-70. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 26-31. 

Abstract: A black bear (Ursus americanus) population study was initiated near Cold Lake, Alberta in 1968.  In the three succeeding years, 108 individual bears have been captured 210 times.  Mean estimates of the population on the 80 mi² study area have been 78 in 1968, 79 in 1969, and 78 in 1970.  Sex ratios of trapped subadults and in adults in 1968 and 1969 did not differ significantly from a theoretical 50:50. Significant differences in the adult cohort in 1970 were probably due to differences in mobility; the males ranging considerably more than females.  The age composition of the black bear population did not differ significantly from other unhunted bear populations.  A time-specific life-table analysis disclosed that mortality rates were 26.7% in cubs, 36.7% in yearlings, 37.5% in 2-year olds and 12.5% in adults.

> Kistchinkski, A. A. and Uspenski, S. M. Immobilization and tagging of polar bears in maternity dens. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 172-180. 

Abstract: In the spring of 1969 and 1970, 12 female bears were immobilized in maternity dens (Wrangel Island) with the help of powder syringe guns and the drug Sernylan.  The procedure was as follows.  On finding the den we covered the exit with snow and dug a `well' 20-30 cm in diameter over the place where the entrance branches from the room of the den.  Through this well the female bear was shot by the syringe into the muscles of the head or neck.  The best dosage of Sernylan was 1.2-1.8 mg per 1kg of body weight; the total dosage for a female of usual size was 250 mg.  A mixture of 2.5 cc of a 10% water solution of Sernylan with 2.5cc of ethyl alcohol is most convenient for low temperatures.  Duration of a latent period is usually 8-10 min.; immobilization lasts 8-10 hours.  The reaction of an animal to the drug is described.  Female bears were tagged with ear tags (metal and colored plastic), and red figures were painted on their flanks or backs.  All the experiments on immobilizing by Sernylan were a success.  Having recovered, female bears left their dens at once or stayed near the den for about a day.  An attempt to immobilize a female bear with myorelaxin was unsuccessful.

Kistchinski, A. A. Life history of the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in North-east Siberia . 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 67-73. 

Abstract: By `North-East Siberia' we mean the Pacific regions including northern coasts of the Okhotsk Sea, Kamchatka, the Koryak Highlands, the Anadyr Drainage, and the Chukotsk Peninsula.  The brown bear is abundant here, and in some areas is more numerous than anywhere else in Eurasia. Detailed special ecological studies on the species have not been undertaken in the area and this paper is a summary of our present knowledge, based on the author's own experience as well as on other studies (Portenko 1941, Averin 1948, Portenko et al. 1963, Lobatchev 1966, Ostroumov 1969, etc.).

> Larson, Thor. Norwegian polar bear hunt, management and research . 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 159-164. 

Abstract: More than 8,000 polar bears have been killed in Svalbard (Spitsbergen) since 1945.  New hunting regulations were enforced on 1 September 1970. Long term ecological and physiological polar bear investigations started in 1964.  Of 103 bears marked, there have been reported 33 kills and 2 resightings.  Various observations suggest a common Norwegian-Russian polar bear population in the Berents sea.  An evaluation of various estimates suggest a total world population of polar bears close to 20,000 animals.

> Pelton, Michael R. Use of foot trail travelers in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to estimate black bear (Ursus americanus) activity. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 36-42. 

Abstract: The Great Smoky Mountains National park is a relatively inaccessible area.  Only one highway dissects the center of the park, and most areas can be reached only by foot trail.  Over 700 miles of trails are maintained in the park; of these, 310 miles are located on the Tennessee side.  Beginning in April 1970, 10 routes (19 different trails covering 180 miles) on the Tennessee side were designated as `Index Trails' and used to determine black bear activity.  From April through October 1970, these routes were hiked for a total of 2,363 miles.  The exact location of each bear scat and bear sighting was recorded.  Bear survey forms were distributed to backpackers using the trails for extended periods.  Over 400 scat-locations and 150 live-bear observations were recorded. Information gathered indicated the distribution, areas of high-bear use, and seasonal onset, peak, and cessation of activity of the black bear.  Density, food habits and movements, and solutions to some bear-person interactions are discussed.

> Uspenski, S. M. and Kistchinski, A. A. New data on the winter ecology of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps) on Wrangel Island. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 181-198. 

Abstract: Winter ecology of the polar bear was studied in March-April of 1969 and 1970.  About 190 maternity dens were found.  The dens' distribution is different in different years and it probably depends on the ice conditions of the previous autumn.  Dens may be up to 25-27 km. from the sea (usually not more than 8-10 km.) and are often in groups of 2-5 on a slope, 8-12 m from each other or even closer.  The location and the structure of dens, and behaviour of female bears and cubs during the denning period and after leaving den, are described.  Bear families spend from 0.5 to 7 days in an opened den.  Killing and eating of cubs by females have been recorded.  The average litter size in 1969 was 1.85 and in 1970, 1.68.  Triplets have been extremely rare in recent years.  The weight of cubs at time of den breaking is from 4.5 to 12 kg.  The time of den breaking is evidently determined not only by the age of cubs, but by external conditions as well.
     A mass emergence from dens took place between 20th March and 5th April one year and at much the same dates in other years.  Non-breeding bears are common in waters around Wrangel Island, mainly near Blossom Cape, especially at the time of seasonal movements.  Counts of female bears breeding on the island were carried out; census methods are discussed in detail.  The best method is the counting of opened dens from aircraft at the beginning of April, in good weather.  The number of female bears breeding on the Wrangel Island in the winter of 1969/70, was estimated to be 180-200.

Wakefield, Gary C. A summary of the black bear population characteristics in Pennsylvania. 1972. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 2, 43-52. 

Abstract: Data available on the age structure of black bear (Ursus americanus) in Pennsylvania are limited.  During the 1967-1968 hunting season, skulls were collected and aged, using the canine tooth sectioning technique. Thirty-seven bears were successfully aged, the oldest being 20.75 years. The mean age of bears harvested during the 1967 season in Pennsylvania was 4.18 years with a standard deviation of 3.39 years.  More female bears were killed during the 1967 season than in 1968.  The age structure for the sample from the study area indicated a possible overharvest because it was highly skewed toward the younger age classes.  An attempt was made to correlate bear age by sex with various skull and canine tooth measurements.  This attempt met with limited success.