Table of Contents Ursus 7           

Aoi, Toshiki. Harvest characteristics of brown bears in northern Hokkaido, Japan. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 93-95.

Archibald, W. R., Ellis, R., and Hamilton, A. N. Responses of grizzly bears to logging truck traffic in the Kimsquit River Valley, British Columbia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7,

Bjarvall, Anders and Sandegren, Finn. Early experiences with the first radio-marked brown bears in Sweden. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 9-12.

Blanchard, Bonnie M. Size and growth patterns of the Yellowstone grizzly bear . 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 99-107.

Boscagli, Giorgio. Brown bear mortality in central Italy from 1970 to 1984.  Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 97-98. (no abstract)

Brody, Allan J. and Stone, Jeff N. Timber harvest and black bear population dynamics in a southern Appalachian forest. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 243-250.

Carney, Daniel W. and Vaughan, Michael R. Survival of introduced black bear cubs in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 83-85. (no abstract)

Cicnjak, Lidija, Huber, Djuro, Roth, Hans U., Ruff, Robert L., and Vinovrski, Zvonimir. Food Habits of Brown Bears in Plitvice Lakes National Park, Yugoslavia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 221-226.

Clevenger, Anthony P., Purroy, Francisco J., and de Buruaga, Mario Saenz. Status of the brown bear in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 1-8.

Darling, Laura M. Habitat use by grizzly bear family groups in interior Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 169-178.

Dean, Frederick C. Brown bear density, Denali National Park, Alaska, and sighting efficiency adjustment. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 37-43.

Elgmork, Kåre. The cryptic brown bear populations of Norway. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.   7, 13-16.

Fies, Michael L., Martin, Dennis D., and Blank, Gerald T. Jr. Movements and rates of return of translocated black bears in Virginia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 369-372.

Frkovic, Alojzije, Ruff, Robert L., Lidija, Cicnjak, and Huber, Djuro. Brown bear mortality during 1946-85 in Gorski Kotar, Yugoslavia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 87-92.

Garner, Nathan P. and Vaughan, Michael R. Black bears' use of abandoned homesites in Shenandoah National Park. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 151-157.

Garshelis, David L., Noyce, Karen V., and Karns, Patrick D. Yohimbine as an antagonist to ketamine-xylazine immobilization in black bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 323-327.

Hamer, David and Herrero, Stephen. Grizzly bear food and habitat in the front ranges of Banff National Park, Alberta. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 199-213.

Hamer, David and Herrero, Stephen. Wildfire's influence on grizzly bear feeding ecology in Banff National Park, Alberta. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 179-186.

Hamilton, A. N. and Bunnell, F. L. Foraging strategies of coastal gizzly bears in the Kimsquit River Valley, British Columbia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 187-197.

Harris, Richard B. and Metzgar, Lee H. Harvest age structures as indicators of decline in small populations of grizzly bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 109-116.

Hazumi, Toshihiro and Maruyama, Naoki. Movements and habitat use of Japanese black bears in Nikko. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 275-279. (no abstract)

Hellgren, Eric C. and Vaughan, Michael R. Home range and movements of winter-active black bears in the Great Dismal Swamp. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 227-234.

Jamnicky, Blanka, Huber, Djuro, and Roth, Hans U. On serum chemistry of brown bears in Croatia, Yugoslavia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 351-353.

Knight, R. R. and Eberhardt, L. L. Propects for Yellowstone grizzly bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 45-50.

Kolenosky, George B. and Strathearn, Stewart M. Winter denning of black bears in east-central Ontario. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 305-316.

LeCount, Albert L. Causes of black bear cub mortality. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 75-82.

Mano, Tsutomu. Population characteristics of brown bears on Oshima Peninsula, Hokkaido. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 69-73.

Manville, Albert M. Den selection and use by black bears in Michigan's Northern Lower Peninsula. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 317-322.

Mattson, D. J., Knight, R. R., and Blanchard, B. M. The effects of developments and primary roads on grizzly bear habitat use in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 259-273.

Miller, Gary D. Field tests of potential polar bear repellents. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 383-390.

Miller, Sterling D., Becker, Earl F., and Ballard, Warren B. Black and brown bear density estimates using modified capture-recapture techniques in Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 23-35.

Miller, Sterling D. and Chihuly, Mark A. Characteristics of nonsport brown bear deaths in Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 51-58.

Mollohan, Cheryl M. Characteristics of adult female black bear daybeds in northern Arizona. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 145-149.

Nelson, Ralph A. and Jones, James D. Leucine metabolism in the black bear. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 329-331.

Ohdachi, Satoshi and Aoi, Toshiki. Food habits of brown bears in Hokkaido, Japan. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 215-220.

Osti, Fabio. Status of a remnant brown bear population in Trentino, Italy: 1981-85. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 17-18.

Peyton, Bernard. Criteria for assessing habitat quality of the spectacled bear in Machu Picchu, Peru. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 135-143.

Peyton, Bernard. Habitat components of the spectacled bear in Machu Picchu, Peru. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 127-133.

Pharris, Larry D. and Clark, Joseph D. Arkansas black bear hunter survey. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 373-375.

Phillips, Michael K. Behavior and habitat use of grizzly bears in northeastern Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 159-167.

Powell, Roger A. Black bear home range overlap in North Carolina and the concept of home range applied to black bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 235-242.

Reynolds, Harry V. and Garner, Gerald W. Patterns of grizzly bear predation on caribou in northern Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 59-67.

Schoen, John W., Beier, Lavern R., Lentfer, Jack W., and Johnson, Loyal J. Denning ecology of brown bears on Admiralty and Chichagof Islands. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 293-304.

Schroeder, Mark T. Blood chemistry, hematology, and condition evaluation of black bears in northcoastal California . 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 333-349.

Schwartz, Charles C., Miller, Sterling D., and Franzmann, Albert W. Denning ecology of three black bear populations in Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 281-291.

Servheen, Christopher, Kasworm, Wayne, and Christensen, Alan. Approaches to augmenting grizzly bear populations in the Cabinet Mountains of Montana. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 363-367.

Swenson, Jon E., Kasworm, Wayne F., Stewart, Shawn T., Simmons, Claire A., and Aune, Keith. Interpopulation applicability of equations to predict live weight in black bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 359-362.

Taylor, Mitchell, Bunnell, Fred, DeMaster, Douglas, Schweinsburg, Ray, and Smith, John. ANURSUS: A population analysis system for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) . 1987. International Conf. on Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 117-125.

Tsubota, Toshio, Takahashi, Yoshiyuki, and Kanagawa, Hiroshi. Changes in serum progesterone levels and growth of fetuses in Hokkaido brown bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 355-358.

Warner, Susan H. Visitor impact on brown bears, Admiralty Island, Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 377-382.

Weber, Peter. Observations of brown bear movements in the Hargita Mountains, Romania. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 19-21.

Aoi, Toshiki. Harvest characteristics of brown bears in northern Hokkaido, Japan. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 93-95.

Archibald, W. R., Ellis, R., and Hamilton, A. N. Responses of grizzly bears to logging truck traffic in the Kimsquit River Valley, British Columbia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7,

Bjarvall, Anders and Sandegren, Finn. Early experiences with the first radio-marked brownbears in Sweden. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 9-12.

Blanchard, Bonnie M. Size and growth patterns of the Yellowstone grizzly bear . 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 99-107.

Boscagli, Giorgio. Brown bear mortality in central Italy from 1970 to 1984.  Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 97-98.
Brody, Allan J. and Stone, Jeff N. Timber harvest and black bear population dynamics in a southern Appalachian forest. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 243-250.

Carney, Daniel W. and Vaughan, Michael R. Survival of introduced black bear cubs in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 83-85. (no abstract)

Cicnjak, Lidija, Huber, Djuro, Roth, Hans U., Ruff, Robert L., and Vinovrski, Zvonimir. Food Habits of Brown Bears in Plitvice Lakes National Park, Yugoslavia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 221-226.

Clevenger, Anthony P., Purroy, Francisco J., and de Buruaga, Mario Saenz. Status of the brown bear in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 1-8.

Darling, Laura M. Habitat use by grizzly bear family groups in interior Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 169-178.

Dean, Frederick C. Brown bear density, Denali National Park, Alaska, and sighting efficiency adjustment. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 37-43.

Elgmork, Kåre. The cryptic brown bear populations of Norway. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.   7, 13-16.

Fies, Michael L., Martin, Dennis D., and Blank, Gerald T. Jr. Movements and rates of return of translocated black bears in Virginia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 369-372.

Frkovic, Alojzije, Ruff, Robert L., Lidija, Cicnjak, and Huber, Djuro. Brown bear mortality during 1946-85 in Gorski Kotar, Yugoslavia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 87-92.

Garner, Nathan P. and Vaughan, Michael R. Black bears' use of abandoned homesites in Shenandoah National Park. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 151-157.

Garshelis, David L., Noyce, Karen V., and Karns, Patrick D. Yohimbine as an antagonist to ketamine-xylazine immobilization in black bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 323-327.

Hamer, David and Herrero, Stephen. Grizzly bear food and habitat in the front ranges of Banff National Park, Alberta. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 199-213.

Hamer, David and Herrero, Stephen. Wildfire's influence on grizzly bear feeding ecology in Banff National Park, Alberta. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 179-186.

Hamilton, A. N. and Bunnell, F. L. Foraging strategies of coastal gizzly bears in the Kimsquit River Valley, British Columbia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 187-197.

Harris, Richard B. and Metzgar, Lee H. Harvest age structures as indicators of decline in small populations of grizzly bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 109-116.

Hazumi, Toshihiro and Maruyama, Naoki. Movements and habitat use of Japanese black bears in Nikko. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 275-279. (no abstract)

Hellgren, Eric C. and Vaughan, Michael R. Home range and movements of winter-active black bears in the Great Dismal Swamp. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 227-234.

Knight, R. R. and Eberhardt, L. L. Propects for Yellowstone grizzly bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 45-50. Kolenosky, George B. and Strathearn, Stewart M. Winter denning of black bears in east-central Ontario. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 305-316.

LeCount, Albert L. Causes of black bear cub mortality. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 75-82.

Mano, Tsutomu. Population characteristics of brown bears on Oshima Peninsula, Hokkaido. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 69-73.

Manville, Albert M. Den selection and use by black bears in Michigan's Northern Lower Peninsula. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 317-322.

Mattson, D. J., Knight, R. R., and Blanchard, B. M. The effects of developments and primary roads on grizzly bear habitat use in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 259-273.

Miller, Gary D. Field tests of potential polar bear repellents. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 383-390.

Miller, Sterling D., Becker, Earl F., and Ballard, Warren B. Black and brown bear density estimates using modified capture-recapture techniques in Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 23-35.

Miller, Sterling D. and Chihuly, Mark A. Characteristics of nonsport brown bear deaths in Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 51-58.

Mollohan, Cheryl M. Characteristics of adult female black bear daybeds in northern Arizona. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 145-149.

Nelson, Ralph A. and Jones, James D. Leucine metabolism in the black bear. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 329-331.

Ohdachi, Satoshi and Aoi, Toshiki. Food habits of brown bears in Hokkaido, Japan. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 215-220.

Osti, Fabio. Status of a remnant brown bear population in Trentino, Italy: 1981-85. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 17-18.

Peyton, Bernard. Criteria for assessing habitat quality of the spectacled bear in Machu Picchu, Peru. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 135-143.

Peyton, Bernard. Habitat components of the spectacled bear in Machu Picchu, Peru. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 127-133.

Pharris, Larry D. and Clark, Joseph D. Arkansas black bear hunter survey. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 373-375.

Phillips, Michael K. Behavior and habitat use of grizzly bears in northeastern Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 159-167.

Powell, Roger A. Black bear home range overlap in North Carolina and the concept of home range applied to black bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 235-242.

Reynolds, Harry V. and Garner, Gerald W. Patterns of grizzly bear predation on caribou in northern Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 59-67.

Jamnicky, Blanka, Huber, Djuro, and Roth, Hans U. On serum chemistry of brown bears in Croatia, Yugoslavia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 351-353.

Schoen, John W., Beier, Lavern R., Lentfer, Jack W., and Johnson, Loyal J. Denning ecology of brown bears on Admiralty and Chichagof Islands. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 293-304.

Schroeder, Mark T. Blood chemistry, hematology, and condition evaluation of black bears in northcoastal California . 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 333-349.

Schwartz, Charles C., Miller, Sterling D., and Franzmann, Albert W. Denning ecology of three black bear populations in Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 281-291.

Servheen, Christopher, Kasworm, Wayne, and Christensen, Alan. Approaches to augmenting grizzly bear populations in the Cabinet Mountains of Montana. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 363-367.

Swenson, Jon E., Kasworm, Wayne F., Stewart, Shawn T., Simmons, Claire A., and Aune, Keith. Interpopulation applicability of equations to predict live weight in black bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 359-362.

Taylor, Mitchell, Bunnell, Fred, DeMaster, Douglas, Schweinsburg, Ray, and Smith, John. ANURSUS: A population analysis system for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) . 1987. International Conf. on Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 117-125.

Tsubota, Toshio, Takahashi, Yoshiyuki, and Kanagawa, Hiroshi. Changes in serum progesterone levels and growth of fetuses in Hokkaido brown bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 355-358.

Warner, Susan H. Visitor impact on brown bears, Admiralty Island, Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 377-382.

Weber, Peter. Observations of brown bear movements in the Hargita Mountains, Romania. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 19-21. (no abstract)
 

Abstracts

Aoi, Toshiki. Harvest characteristics of brown bears in northern Hokkaido, Japan. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 93-95

Abstract: A population study of the Ezo brown bear (Ursus arctos yesoensis) was initiated in 1975 in northern Hokkaido.  One hundred fifty-two brown bear skulls collected from 1980 to 1985 were used to determine age.  Most of these bears were killed in nuisance control hunts conducted during the early spring.  The youngest age classes of bears (0-5 years old) constituted 67.7% of the harvest, probably a result of high hunting pressure.  Subadults (2-5 years old) comprised 41.4% of the sample, with a preponderance of young males.  The youngest females with cubs were 5 years old, and the female reproductive rate was 0.67 cubs/adult female/year. The brown bears population in northern Hokkaido is declining.

Archibald, W. R., Ellis, R., and Hamilton, A. N. Responses of grizzly bears to logging trucktraffic in the Kimsquit River Valley, British Columbia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 251-257

Abstract: To assess the impacts of log traffic on grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in Coastal British Columbia, the zone of hauling activity (zha) in the Kimsquit River study area was mapped using the sound levels (dB[C]) recorded at 25-m intervals along 200-m transects perpendicular to the road.  The logging road bisected the home ranges of 2 adult female grizzly bears that were intensively monitored by radiotelemetry.  We obtained 2 years of prelogging information and 2 years of data during logging activity on how these bears used the zha.  Two hypotheses were tested to assess the impacts of truck movement: (1) there would be no difference in the pattern of use of the zha by adult female grizzly bears during and not during disturbance and (2) there would be no difference in activity patterns within the zha during disturbance among areas with different vegetative screen types and between areas with and without visual screens.  Based on our information, hypothesis 1 was rejected, and hypothesis 2 was not.  Additional information is presented that corroborates these findings.

Bjarvall, Anders and Sandegren, Finn. Early experiences with the first radio-marked brown bears in Sweden. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 9-12

Abstract: In 1984-85, 4 brown bears (Ursus arctos) were radio-tracked in the alpine and northern boreal zones in northern Sweden, and 3 were radio-tracked in the northern and middle boreal zones in central Sweden to obtain information on movements, home ranges, food habits, and activity patterns.  With 1 exception, ear-attached transmitters were used.  They functioned well on 1 bear for 2 seasons but not as well on 6 other bears. In 4 cases, the signal gradually weakened until bears could not be relocated.  Preliminary results indicate home range sizes varied from about 50 km² (yearling bear) to 500 km² (adult male).  In the northern area, activity seemed closely related to daylight.  Activity patterns were diurnal in summer, with 24 hours of daylight, and in autumn.

Blanchard, Bonnie M. Size and growth patterns of the Yellowstone grizzly bear . 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 99-107

Abstract: Weights and/or measurements of 151 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) captured 261 times were recorded from 1975 to 1985.  Males were consistently heavier than females within all age classes beginning at age 2.  Mean weight for 65 adult males (5+ years old) was 192 kg and 135 kg for 63 adult females (5+ years old).  Mean monthly weights by sex and age class indicated adults lost weight from den emergence through July, generally regaining emergence weight by August.  Weaned yearlings lost weight July-September, whereas unweaned yearlings gained weight during the same period.  Sexual dimorphism in body measurements within age classes was apparent in cubs and became significant in all body measurements by age 3.  Girth was the measurement most closely correlated with weight for both males and females.  Adults feeding at garbage dumps weighed more than bears relying on natural food sources.  Bears were smaller and weighed less in this study than during the period 1959-70, when major dumps were available as a food source.  Mean annual weights of nondump females were highly correlated with annual habitat productivity indices for Yellowstone Park.  Correlations between mean adult female weight and cub litter size (r = 0.92) and mean age at 1st cub production (r =  - 0.52) were apparent.  In general, females with reliable high-energy foods tended to attain larger body sizes, mature at an earlier age, and have larger cub litters than females using relatively low-energy foods. 

 
Brody, Allan J. and Stone, Jeff N. Timber harvest and black bear population dynamics in a southern Appalachian forest. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 243-250

Abstract: Habitat capability models are frequently used in long-term land management planning to evaluate the effects of management alternatives on wildlife populations.  We believe that the relationships between timber harvest operations and black bear (Ursus americanus) population dynamics in the southern Appalachians make habitat capability models alone inadequate to predict long-term population response to timber harvest.  An explicit consideration of population dynamics is necessary. Most timber in the region is harvested by clear-cutting, which requires an extensive road system and subsequently increases the vulnerability of bears to hunters.  We present a simple deterministic model in which habitat dynamics are linked to population dynamics in 2 ways.  The 1st is through the classic notion of carrying capacity, the 2nd is through a vulnerability factor that depends on local road density, which is in turn a function of the amount of clear-cutting that has occurred.  We simulate the dynamics of a bear population in a area of Pisgah National Forest under 3 management regimes that facilitate comparison of the effects of different rotation intervals on the population.  We conclude that some timber harvest regimes may improve the biotic capability of bear habitat in terms of carrying capacity, but that these benefits may be easily outweighed by the concommitant increase in vulnerability to hunting.  Under present conditions hunting is a stronger influence on the population than is biotic habitat quality.

Cicnjak, Lidija, Huber, Djuro, Roth, Hans U., Ruff, Robert L., and Vinovrski, Zvonimir. Food Habits of Brown Bears in Plitvice Lakes National Park, Yugoslavia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 221-226

Abstract: Brown bear (Ursus arctos) food habits were determined by analyzing 95 scats and by investigating feeding sites in and around Plitvice Lakes National Park, Yugoslavia.  Only plant material was found in 76% of the samples, whereas 24% contained both plant and animal (mostly insects) material.  At least 28 different plant and animal food items were identified.  Plant material consumption varied with phenology.  Important food types by season were: spring-graminoids, forbs, and ferns; summer-oats, insects, fruits, and forbs; autumn-tree fruits, nuts and insects; and winter-nuts, fruits, and mammals.  Spring food was of low nutritional value, whereas summer food was rich in nitrogen-free extract and crude fiber.  Predenning food was high in nitrogen-free extract and ether extract.

Clevenger, Anthony P., Purroy, Francisco J., and de Buruaga, Mario Saenz. Status of the brown bear in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 1-8

Abstract: During the 16th century, the European brown bear (Ursus arctos) inhabited most of the Iberian Peninsula.  At present, its range in Spain is limited to 2 relict populations: the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian mountains.  In 1973, the bear was declared a protected species; hunting was prohibited and compensation was paid for all livestock and agricultural damages by bears.  The small Cantabrian bear population is distributed throughout 5 provinces covering approximately 5,000 km². This fragmented distribution leads to reduced interchange and genetic isolation between groups.  Since 1954, 8 published population estimates have ranged from 54 to 142 individuals.  Livestock grazing is the dominant activity in the mountains and has resulted in forests being converted to pastureland and being kept at seral stages.  Livestock and agricultural damage by bears primarily affects young horses, sheep, and apiaries.  Timber harvesting and the conversion of hardwood regeneration areas to exotic pine plantations also eliminate potential habitat.  Coal-mining has a 3-fold influence: the operations themselves; the illegal hunting by miners in these areas; and the building of roads, which increase traffic.  Principal threats are habitat loss and fragmentation, genetic isolation, illegal hunting, and use of strychnine.  We encourage improved administrative coordination among provinces, timely compensation to affected livestock owners, and collection of ecological data to identify the species' requirements for survival.

Darling, Laura M. Habitat use by grizzly bear family groups in interior Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 169-178

Abstract: A study of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in 1984 and 1985 in Denali National Park investigated the differences between family and single bear habitat use patterns.  Differences in family age, seasons, and years contributed to differences in habitat use patterns.  Proportions of cub families seen in the spring were low but increased through the field season, whereas proportions of observed yearlings remained constant. Seasonal patterns of habitat use were generally consistent among cub and yearling families and single bears.  Small but notable proportions of observations of families were made in more rugged, isolated terrain, especially in spring.  Habitat use patterns between the years were significantly different and probably a result of a late spring and wetter weather in 1985.  The 1984 habitat use pattern was more concentrated in extreme habitat combinations (high-rugged vs. low-flat) than was the 1985 pattern. 

Dean, Frederick C. Brown bear density, Denali National Park, Alaska, and sighting efficiency adjustment. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 37-43

Abstract: Aerial surveys conducted in 1983 over a stratified random sample from about 2,500 km² in the northeastern part of Denali National Park were used to estimate the brown bear (Ursus arctos) population.  Twenty three flights, totaling 68 hours, were made in a low-flying, fixed-wing aircraft; the sample coverage totaled 4,590 km².  Aerial counts were calibrated against simultaneous, multi-observer ground coverage.  A new technique combining digitized topographic and vegetation information was used to adjust for sighting efficiency.  Calibration results and plot characteristics were combined to estimate sighting efficiency on all plots.  The minimum density estimates for the study area, based on animals seen, were 1/44, 1/70 and 1/476 km² for individual bears, bear units, and families, respectively.  The same values expanded by estimated sighting efficiency were 1/31, 1/49, and 1/163.

Elgmork, Kåre. The cryptic brown bear populations of Norway. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.   7, 13-16

Abstract: Until 1975, it was estimated that the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in Norway was restricted to 1 remnant southern population and a few small northern populations.  In the last decade, it has been shown that small populations of very shy individuals exist in many parts of the country, including the fjord districts of the west.  These secretive bears have escaped the notice of previous authors reporting on the occurrence of brown bears in this century.  This development in our knowledge of Norwegian brown bears may be relevant to other European countries where similar conditions may prevail.

Fies, Michael L., Martin, Dennis D., and Blank, Gerald T. Jr. Movements and rates of return of translocated black bears in Virginia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 369-372

Abstract: From 1970 to 1984, 540 black bears (Ursus americanus) were trapped and released.  Of the 540 bears captured, 240 were released at the trap site and 300 were translocated to different areas.  A total of 186 were recovered, most of them legally harvested by hunters.  Trap, release, and recovery sites were plotted on topographic maps and a computer program was used to calculate distances between map coordinates.  Nonrelocated bears were recovered an average of 19.6 km from the area where they were trapped.  Large males (> 136 kg) were recovered significantly farther from their capture locations (x = 38.6 km, P < 0.05) than other nonrelocated bears.  Among translocated bears, females were recovered significantly farther (P < 0.05) from their capture site than were males. Translocated bears were recovered an average of 58.2 km from original capture site and 27.7 km from their release location.  Bears translocated more than 80 km were recovered significantly farther from their capture site (x = 100.8 km, P < 0.05) than all other bears.  Approximately 23% of the translocated bears were recovered within an angle defining the home direction.  Twelve bears reached home before being recovered.  All bears that returned home were males.  Results of this study suggest that relocation distances of less than 80 km are effective for relocating Virginia black bears. 

Frkovic, Alojzije, Ruff, Robert L., Lidija, Cicnjak, and Huber, Djuro. Brown bear mortality during 1946-85 in Gorski Kotar, Yugoslavia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 87-92

Abstract: The official records of forestry and hunting organizations were examined for data pertaining to the legal and illegal harvest of brown bears (Ursus arctos) during 1946-85 in Gorski Kotar, Yugoslavia.  During the 40-year period, 281 brown bears (191 males, 57 females, and 33 of unknown sex) were killed in Gorski Kotar.  Total annual mortality ranged from 0 to 20.  Bear mortalities consisted of 205 (73%) by hunting, 26 (9%) by poisoning, 31 (11%) by traffic (trains and motor vehicles), and 19 (7%) by unknown causes.  Legal hunting accounted for 169 (60%) of all losses, illegal shooting took 36 (13%), and deaths from other causes totalled 76 (27%).  The estimated ages of bears killed were 25 bears < 1 year (9%), 105 bears 1-4 years (37%), and 151 bears > 4 years of age (54%).  Of bears killed, 105 (37%) weighed < 100 kg, 80 (29%) weighed 100-150 kg, and 96 (34%) weighed > 150 kg.  Legal hunting, accomplished by shooting from elevated stands over baits, tended to select adult males.  About one-half of the illegally shot bears were taken in the same fashion and those also favored adult males.  The most successful hunting occurred in spring (Mar-May) when 142 (69%) of 205 legally and illegally harvested bears were taken.  The greater spring hunting success compared to other seasons was attributed to a number of factors including greater bear use of baiting sites because of the lack of natural foods and increased hunting effort because of pelt primeness.  

Garner, Nathan P. and Vaughan, Michael R. Black bears' use of abandoned homesites in Shenandoah National Park. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 151-157

Abstract: From May 1982 to April 1985 we studied seasonal use of domestic fruits at 330 abandoned homesites by 24 adult female, 17 adult male, and 3 subadult male black bears (Ursus americanus) in central Shenandoah National Park, Virginia.
     Distance-to-nearest-homesite measurements indicated that males were never closer (P > 0.10) to homesites than females or random points during any season and that females were closer (P < 0.001) to homesites than males and random points during summer.  Only females were located < 100 m from homesites more (P < 0.001) than expected during summer and early fall.  Food habit analysis of 857 scats indicated that bears consumed apples (Malus spp.) and sweet cheries (Prunus avium) at abandoned homesites mainly in summer, early fall, and late fall. Bears used homesites in late fall more than distance measures indicated.  Domestic fruits were an important nutritional food for black bears in relation to total soft fruits eaten.

Garshelis, David L., Noyce, Karen V., and Karns, Patrick D. Yohimbine as an antagonist to ketamine-xylazine immobilization in black bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 323-327

Abstract: During May-July, 1981-85, 111 black bears (Ursus americanus) were immobilized with ketamine (x = 5.0 mg/kg) and xylazine (x = 2.0 mg/kg). Time from complete immobilization to recovery (walking) ranged from 22 to 140 min.  We experimented with yohimbine (0.04-0.35 mg/kg) to counteract immobilization and thereby speed recovery.  Eleven bears were given intramuscular injections of yohimbine, of which only 2 (18%) recovered within 10 min. In contrast, 35 bears were given intravenous injections of yohimbine, of which 31 (89%) recovered within 10 min (median = 5 min).  Heart rates increased an average of 61% within 1 min of intravenous injections.  Two bears that were immobilized with ketamine alone (10 mg/kg and 17 mg/kg) did not recover within 10 min after intravenous injection of yohimbine, although their heart rates increased appreciably. These data suggest that yohimbine antagonizes the effects of xylazine but likely does not counteract the effects of ketamine.  We tested 3 dosages of yohimbine with respect to the dosage of xylazine (0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mg yohimbine/mg xylazine) and found no differences in recovery times.  Also, no relationships were observed between recovery times after yohimbine injection and the weight, age, or sex of the bear, dose of yohimbine given, time since immobilization (range 10-66 min), or the dose of ketamine given (range 2.7-8.9 mg/kg).  We conclude that an intravenous injection of 0.05 mg yohimbine/mg xlyazine provides a safe and effective antagonist to ketamine-xylazine immobilization in black bears. 

Hamer, David and Herrero, Stephen. Grizzly bear food and habitat in the front ranges of Banff National Park, Alberta. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 199-213

Abstract: Food and habitat used by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Front Ranges of Banff National Park were studied during 1976-80 using fecal analysis, feeding site examination, direct observations, and radio-tracking.  Important foods included pink hedysarum (Hedysarum alpinum) roots, yellow hedysarum ( H. sulphurescens) roots, bearberries          (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), graminoids, horsetails (Equisetum arvense), buffaloberries (Shepherdia canadensis ), and Vaccinium spp. fruits.  Most foods were eaten in dry meadows, shrubfields, or open forest.  Horsetails were the only notable exception; many feeding sites occurred in mature forest.  The alpine zone was unimportant as feeding habitat.  Seasonal changes in diet and habitat use appeared to be related to plant phenology with bears eating plant parts which seemed to be at nutritious development stages.  Hedysarum roots, the bears' major food, had significantly less crude protein and more fiber when plants were flowering than when they were in pre-leaf.  Related to this, digging by bears was minimal during the mid-summer flowering period. Seasonal habitat use also appeared to be influenced by hedysarum phenology.  As the spring digging season progressed, hedysarum diggings occurred more on north-facing slopes and at higher elevations, where phenology was retarded.  Later-season root digging was inversely related to buffalobery abundance: the volume of roots in feces during August-October was greater in 1976 and 1978, 2 years when buffaloberry abundance was significantly lower than in 1977 or 1979.  We concluded that buffaloberries, known to be high in soluble carbohydrate, were preferred over hedysarum roots.  During summer, grizzly bears ate horsetails in sites where the plants were in immature, nutritious development stages.  The elevation of horsetail feeding sites was significantly higher in late July-August than in early July.  Grizzly bears thus ate food high in soluble nutrients and low in fiber by making seasonal changes in both the food and habitat they selected.   

Hamer, David and Herrero, Stephen. Wildfire's influence on grizzly bear feeding ecology in Banff National Park, Alberta. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 179-186

Abstract: Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) habitat use in the Front Ranges of Banff National Park is described in terms of vegetation types and their successional status.  The alpine zone was not important to foraging grizzly bears.  Feeding in mature forest was recorded for only 1 major food, horsetails (Equisetum arvense), even though mature forest covered about one-third of the study area.  Rather, grizzly bears fed for most foods in a variety of open and seral vegetation types in the subalpine zone.  Factors limiting forest development included avalanching, cold air drainage, high water table, xeric site conditions (southerly exposure, well-drained soil, chinook wind) and, especially, wildfire.  Of a 148 km² mapped area, 59% was regeneration from 5 fires that burned between 1868 and 1936.  Fire's role in creating many feeding areas was indicated by the presence of snags and deadfall.  Moreover, a comparison of areas that appeared to differ only in time since the last fire suggested that wildfire has had a role in establishing other seemingly successionally mature open plant communities as well.  Fire suppression has been effective since 1936; the study area currently is experiencing the longest fire-free interval recorded during the period +-1580-1985. Successional trends suggest a loss of grizzly bear feeding habitat in the absence of recurring wildfire.

Hamilton, A. N. and Bunnell, F. L. Foraging strategies of coastal grizzly bears in the Kimsquit River Valley, British Columbia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 187-197

Abstract: An approach for relating fitness to foraging activity is described for 2 adult female grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in coastal British Columbia. During berry season both bears roamed widely (seasonal home ranges of 3932 and 3565 ha) using at least 10 different species of berries in widely divergent habitats.  Bears spent 62%-69% of their time in habitat types used for feeding.  Habitat use by the bear with the smaller home range was correlated with food quantity and quality (rs = 0.79, P < 0.05); that of the more widely ranging bear was not (rs = 0.11, P > 0.1). During the berry season, both bears relied heavily on berries, but their diets differed.  During the 3-year study, reproductive success of the more efficient bear (smaller home range, feeding activity correlated with food quality) was greater than that for the less efficient bear (3 vs. 2 cubs).  These observations are discussed in terms of foraging theory.  We conclude that 1 bear appears to be optimizing, but both bears could be satisficing.

Harris, Richard B. and Metzgar, Lee H. Harvest age structures as indicators of decline in small populations of grizzly bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 109-116

Abstract: We used simulated grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) harvest data to answer 2 questions: (1) can we use 2-group discriminant function analysis to distinguish harvest age structures from populations that have equilibrated from those beginning to decline from overharvest? and (2) how powerfully can it distinguish with small samples typical of grizzly bear data?  Simulated populations were subjected to experimental harvests to determine the harvest level that caused chronic declines.  For each run, statistics that described age structures were calculated.  We constructed a linear discriminant function equation based on the descriptive statistics that separated declining from equilibrating populations, and estimated the power of the equation using decline as the null hypothesis.  Accepting a 10% chance of failing to detect a decline (Type l error), the equation had little power to correctly classify equilibrated populations.  With sample sizes from a 3-year period in the range 72-153 animals, estimated power was about 50%.  With 3-year sample sizes in the range 24-51, power was roughly 20%-25%.  Only when comparing severely overharvested populations with equilibrated populations could power be raised to >60%.  We conclude that detecting grizzly population declines at their outset will be unreliable when based solely on harvest age structure data.

Hellgren, Eric C. and Vaughan, Michael R. Home range and movements of winter-active black bears in the Great Dismal Swamp. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 227-234

Abstract: During May 1984, we initiated a study of black bear (Ursus americanus) ecology on the 410 km² Great Dismal Swamp Wildlife Refuge, a forested wetland in eastern Virginia and North Carolina.  Two male bears (ages 3 and 4) and 2 females (ages 3 and 7) remained active during winter 1984-85.  Eight other bears (5 males, 3 females) denned for 70-131 days in excavated ground cavities (N = 3), ground-level tree cavities (N = 2), and ground nests (N = 3).  Winter home ranges, determined by the modified minimum area method, were 1.9 km² for males and 2.4 km² for females.  Annual home ranges for these bears, based on monitoring for 7-12 months, averaged 29.6 km² and 17.8 km² for males and females, respectively.  Distance between consecutive-day relocations, and index of movement, was less in winter than in fall and spring.  We observed 3 of the winter-active bears primarily in pocosin-type habitat dominated by evergreen shrubs and vines and the 4th in an inundated cypress-gum swamp. Preliminary analysis of scats, evidence of feeding activity, and visual observation indicated that bears were consuming fruits of greenbriar (Smilax spp.) and holly (Ilex spp.).  Serum levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine for a 3-year-old female captured on 4 February 1985 were not indicative of a physiologically hibernating condition.  Although occasional instances of nondenning behavior in black bears have been reported from areas with mild climates, the high frequency of winter activity we observed is unprecedented.  Mild winter temperatures, lack of persistent snow cover, and diverse food items in the Great Dismal Swamp may by factors contributing to the high degree of bear winter activity. 

Knight, R. R. and Eberhardt, L. L. Propects for Yellowstone grizzly bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 45-50

Abstract: Recent analyses of data on the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) population of Yellowstone National Park and its environs suggest the likelihood of a continuing decline in numbers if losses of fully adult females are not reduced.  The size of the population is not known, and a simple projection model has been used to identify some inconsistencies in the available index data.  Population dynamics calculations, based on Lotka's equation or a stochastic model, indicate a continuing decrease in numbers, although continued observations through radio-telemetry are needed to verify these trends.  The margin between stabilizing the population and a continued decrease appears to be roughly the loss of 2 fully adult female bears per year.  At present, the risk of extirpation of this population over the next 30 years appears to be small.  Continued monitoring of survivorship will be needed, particularly because "recovery" of the population may be mainly characterized by a shift in the pattern of mortality, from adults to subadults, and not necessarily a reduction in absolute number of losses.

Kolenosky, George B. and Strathearn, Stewart M. Winter denning of black bears in east-central Ontario. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 305-316

Abstract: One hundred ten dens of 57 black bears (Ursus americanus) were examined in east-central Ontario from 1976 to 1980.  Most bears denned within summer range bounderies.  Entry dates ranged from 20 September to 29 November.  Denning sequence was yearlings, pregnant females, solitary females, females with cubs, adult males, and subadults of both sexes. Bears that fed on acorns denned later than non-acorn feeders.  Eighty-nine percent of dens (N = 110) were excavations below ground level, and 84% occurred on well-drained upland sites.  Dens of individual bears in consecutive years were similar.  There was no indication of den reuse. Cubs orphaned during the spring hunt constructed and lined dens similar to those of older bears.  In 1 instance, a 2 year-old male was denned with an adult female and 2 newborn cubs.  Thirty-three percent of yearlings and 11% of subadults abandoned dens due to investigator disturbance; young males abandoned dens more frequently than females. Emergence extended from 23 March to 1 May with a peak around 5-20 April. Males were the 1st group to emerge and females with cubs, the last. Adjustment of hunting seasons to harvest specific sex and age groups selectively during the fall would be only marginally successful due to the lengthy den entrance period and overlap of entrance times among groups.  During the spring hunt, females with cubs could be afforded greater protection by closing the hunting season earlier. 

LeCount, Albert L. Causes of black bear cub mortality. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 75-82

Abstract: From 1982 to 1985, 23 Arizona black bear (Ursus americanus) cubs were equipped with motion-sensitive, breakaway radiocollars while in winter dens.  Eleven (48%) of these cubs died, but cause of death was determined in only 8 cases because of collar loss.  Fifty percent of these deaths were the result of cannibalism by other bears.  Other causes of mortality included other predation, disease, and hunting.  The majority of cub deaths occurred within 60 days of den emergence; only 1 cub dying of natural causes lived beyond the end of the May-June breeding season. Seven of 13 individual litters (54%) containing radio-collared cubs experienced mortality, and in 6 of those cases (86%), the total litter died.  In this population, hunter-caused mortality appeared to be additive rather than compensatory.

Mano, Tsutomu. Population characteristics of brown bears on Oshima Peninsula, Hokkaido. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 69-73

Abstract: Population characteristics of brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis) on Oshima Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan were studied from January 1983 to May 1985.  Although the sex ratio of bears greater than 2 years of age did not differ from 50:50, the younger age classes of males constituted a significantly (P< 0.05) larger portion of the kill than those of females. Within the study area, the age and sex structure of harvested bears did not differ by locality and did not change between the periods 1972-75 and 1981-84.  There was no consistent trend in harvest from 1969 to 1984.  Assuming the population was stationary, the average annual mortality rate was calculated from the age distribution of harvested bears as 20.5%, 14.2%, and 16.9% for males, females, and sexes combined, respectively.  The differential vulnerability to hunting among the sexes may be 1 of the causes of these differing mortality rates.

Manville, Albert M. Den selection and use by black bears in Michigan's Northern Lower Peninsula. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 317-322

Abstract: I located 51 different black bear (Ursus americanus) den sites (28 of males, 23 of females) in Michigan's Northern Lower Peninsula between September 1977 and March 1980.  During the 3-winter period, 10 radio-tagged males denned in swamp habitat 24 times, lowland habitat 2 times, and upland habitat 2 times; 7 females denned in swamp habitat 11 times, lowland habitat 5 times, and upland habitat 7 times.  Habitat selection for den sites between sexes differed significantly (X². = 8.29, df = 2, P < 0.002).  Of 31 dens visited on foot, 5 were unprotected snow "nests" lined only with vegetation, 17 were located in depressions or chambers under downed trees or root masses, 3 were in underground cavities, 1 was a nest next to a tree, and 4 were excavated under stumps.  The den floor of 1 adult female with 2 cubs contained 2-3 cm of water.  Dens of all bears except 1 male were lined with varying amounts of vegetation.  The 3 most heavily used, and probably critical winter habitat types were swamp conifers (24 dens for males, 11 for females), upland hardwoods (2 dens for males, 7 for females), and lowland brush and hardwoods (2 dens for males, 5 for females).
     The average distance of dens from a center of human activity was greater for males (X = 1.26 km), than for females (X = 0.55 km, P < 0.01).  Two males denned close to active oil wells (X = 0.32 km), whereas 2 females denned near active snowmobile trails (X = 0.08 km).  The activity most disruptive to denning appeared to be human encroachment.  Residential and commercial development increased during the study, including land-filling of swamps, construction of wastewater treatment facilities, and expansion of a gravel pit.

Mattson, D. J., Knight, R. R., and Blanchard, B. M. The effects of developments and primary roads on grizzly bear habitat use in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 259-273

Abstract: Aerial locations of radio-instrumented grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) were used to analyze effects of human activity associated with developments and primary roads on grizzly bear habitat use in Yellowstone National Park.  Grizzly bear occupancy of habitat near human facilities was reduced, efficient foraging strategies were disrupted, and cohorts tending to be subordinate or security-conscious were displaced into habitat nearer developments by more dominant cohorts, particularly during summer and fall.  Adult females and subadult males residing closer to developments were management-trapped at a higher rate than animals of the same class residing farther away.  Adult females and subadults bore a disproportionate part of costs associated with avoiding roads and developments.  For this reason and because adult females are generally thought to operate under considerable energetic duress in the Yellowstone area, avoidance of developments and roads may have resulted in higher mortality and lower productivity among the adult female cohort.

Miller, Gary D. Field tests of potential polar bear repellents. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 383-390

Abstract: Field tests of potential repellents were made on free-ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus) near Churchill, Manitoba, from 11 October through 12 November 1978.  Polar bears were attracted to an observation/testing area with sardine baits at 11 sites.  Commercial dog repellents and household chemicals were tested for their ability to keep bears from visiting baited sites, recording sounds were tested for driving bears from a baited site, and a loud freon horn was tested in seminatural encounters with the observer.  Bears made 294 visits to the chemical sites, 55 visits to the acoustic site, and the freon horn was tested 31 times.  Most bears (81%) were repelled with the horn, but the behavioral reactions to the taped sounds varied.  The chemical repellents did not prevent bears from visiting the baited sites, but bears spent significantly less time at the treated sites than at untreated controls. Bears stayed at the control sites for an average of 420 sec (SD = 335 sec), but left the treated sites after an average of 98-317 sec (SD = 87-370 sec) depending on the chemical.  

Miller, Sterling D., Becker, Earl F., and Ballard, Warren B. Black and brown bear density estimates using modified capture-recapture techniques in Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 23-35

Abstract: Population density estimates were obtained for sympatric black bear (Ursus americanus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations inhabiting a search area of 1,325 km² in south-central Alaska.  Standard capture-recapture population estimation techniques were modified to correct for lack of geographic closure based on daily locations of radio-marked animals over a 7-day period.  Calculated density estimates were based on available habitat in the search area (1,317 km² for brown bears and 531 km² for black bears).  Calculated density was 2.79 brown bears/100 km² (2.52-3.30 bears/100 km²) and 8.97 black bears/100 km² (7.74-10.21 km²).  Calculated 95% confidence intervals were +- 13.7% of the estimate for black bears and -9.8% to +18.5% of the estimate for brown bears.
     Probabilities of capture based on calculated sightability indices were not equal in some instances, so confidence intervals should be interpreted cautiously.  Increasing the number of marked bears during the study period resulted in altered brown bears estimates and smaller confidence intervals, but because closure was a relatively good assumption for black bears in our study area, had little effect on black bear estimates or confidence intervals.  When telemetry data were used to correct input values for lack of geographic closure, the Schnabel estimator and the mean of 7 separate daily estimates yielded estimates close to our results.
     We recommend the technique for additional testing as a method to objectively compare bear densities between different areas or between different times.  These procedures may also be appropriate for use with other species.

Miller, Sterling D. and Chihuly, Mark A. Characteristics of nonsport brown bear deaths in Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 51-58

Abstract: The sex, age, and other characteristics of 668 brown bears (Ursus arctos) killed in nonsport circumstances in Alaska during the period 1970-85 were examined.  These data represent an unknown fraction of total nonsport kills as not all kills were reported.  Both sport harvests and nonsport kills are increasing in Alaska.  Nonsport harvests averaged 5.1% of total sport and nonsport kills.  Areas with the highest human density had the highest ratio of nonsport to sport harvests.  Nonsport harvest are most common during periods when most people are in remote areas to hunt or fish.  Males predominate in the nonsport kills of younger bears and females in the nonsport kills of older bears.  Regulations and other factors make adult male bears more vulnerable to sport hunters than adult female bears.  Partially as a result, nonsport kills contain more adult females than sport kills.  An analysis based on affidavits from 224 persons killing bears revealed that bears were shot to avoid perceived danger (72%) to protect property (21%), and to eliminate nuisances (7%). 

Mollohan, Cheryl M. Characteristics of adult female black bear daybeds in northern Arizona. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 145-149

Abstract: Ninety-four black bears (Ursus americanus) bedding sites were located between May 1982 and August 1984.  Locations were identified by radio-tracking 14 adult females.  Sampling from sites of females with and without cubs showed both bedding and feeding activity at 39% of the sites.  Multiple daybeds were found at 28% of the sites and all sites were within 0.8 km of water.  Bedding sites occurred on canyon walls 81% of the time, the slopes of which averaged 39%.  Daybeds were on the uphill side of a tree 74% of the time.  Bed trees averaged 73 cm dbh. Chewing and scratching of daybed trees was recorded at 38% of the sites, and scats were found at 69% of the sites.  Removal of vegetative cover and large trees in black bear bedding habitat could reduce overall habitat quality.

Nelson, Ralph A. and Jones, James D. Leucine metabolism in the black bear. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 329-331

Abstract: Metabolism of the essential amino acid leucine was studied in 3 black bears ( Ursus americanus) in February while the bears were denning and not eating or drinking and in May while they were eating and drinking normally.  (U-14C) leucine was injected as a bolus intravenously, and timed samples of venous blood were obtained over an 8-day period.  Total activity in plasma gradually increased in February and May, reaching a maximum at 12 hours.  Total activity then gradually decreased to 50% of maximum after 8 days.  Free 14C leucine in plasma disappeared after 8-12 hours.  Although free 14C leucine was in plasma, traces of labeled glucose, pyruvate, and lacetate were detected.  In plasma proteins, activity was detected in the 1st sample at 30 minutes and gradually increased, describing a pattern similar to plasma total activity. Hydrolysis of plasma protein revealed that all counts were found in leucine. All 14C counts after 12 hours could be accounted for in labeled leucine.
     Leucine in summer and winter is rapidly removed from the plasma and incorporated into plasma proteins.  Very small quantities of leucine are oxidized.  Although plasma leucine is oxidized in winter, its level in blood plasma remains constant and similar to summer values.  The data suggest that bears may synthesize this essential amino acid during dormancy.

Ohdachi, Satoshi and Aoi, Toshiki. Food habits of brown bears in Hokkaido, Japan. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 215-220

Abstract: Food habits of the brown bear (Ursus arctos yesoensis) were studied from 1975 to 1984 in 4 diverse areas on Hokkaido Island.  Foods of bears varied seasonally in each area and differed among areas largely because of differences in foods available.  Bears ate mainly succulent herbs in spring and summer and fruits in the fall in northern Hokkaido.  Hog's-fennel (Peucedanum multivittatum) dominated the bears' diet in August and September in the alpine areas of the Daisetsu Mountains.  Foods of bears on the Shiretoko Peninsula included those from the sea, but were otherwise similar to northern Hokkaido.  The diet of bears on the Oshimo Peninsula was dominated by beech (Fagus crenata) buds in the spring in terms of frequency of occurrence, and actinidia (Actinidia arguta) fruit in the fall.

Osti, Fabio. Status of a remnant brown bear population in Trentino, Italy: 1981-85. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 17-18

Abstract:  We collected 297 valid reports of bears or their sign between 1981 and 1985.  These data provide our best overall bear distribution information.  We identified about 1,500 km² of bear habitat, about 243 km² of which is of primary importance to bears.  It includes good foraging, security, and denning habitats.  Most (68%) of the reports we collected were for this area.
     Areas periodically occupied by bears include about 81 km² in Val di Ledro, Valle di Concei, and Valli de Guidicarie.  Val di Fumo, Val Daone, and Val di Genova are only occasionally occupied by bears.
     It is important to manage the remaining bear habitat in Trentino with the well-being of the bear population in mind.  Because the habitat is so restricted, any further habitat degradation threatens the bear population.  Forest management policies should maintain or create suitable habitat, and vehicle access should be carefully controlled so that bears are not displaced from preferred areas.  Planting fruit trees, such as apple and pear trees, in forest openings could provide an important food source and thus help maintain the brown bear population in the Alps of Trentino.

Peyton, Bernard. Criteria for assessing habitat quality of the spectacled bear in Machu Picchu, Peru. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 135-143

Abstract: Criteria that could be used to determine habitat quality for the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) were defined in the Historical Sanctuary of Machu Picchu and 3 adjacent valleys.  Habitat quality was determined by a comparison of vegetative and environmental data between regularly selected sites and sites that contained bear sign.  Good grassland habitat was found to have hiding cover within 25 m in subalpine paramo, 35 m in rain paramo, and 40 m in steppe habitat.  Desirable criteria for slope were maximum values that ranged between 26.6 degrees and 46.0 degrees for the 3 habitats.  Paramo sites used for feeding were found to have at least 3 food species with a combined importance value of 6.0 in subalpine paramo and 9.0 in rain paramo habitat.  Similar sites in steppe habitat had at least 2 food species with a combined importance value of 1.4.  Four desirable criteria for forested habitats were based on parameters from sites used by traveling or feeding bears.  Good quality sites for traveling bears had slopes less than 34.6 degrees and less than 49% vegetation cover between 0.15 and 1 m above the ground.  Forested sites that met criteria for good food quality had at least 2 bear foods with a combined importance value of at least 3.8.  Better habitat with less human disturbance was found in the Lucamayo and Santa Teresa drainages bordering the Sanctuary than in the Sanctuary.  

Peyton, Bernard. Habitat components of the spectacled bear in Machu Picchu, Peru. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 127-133

Abstract: This study was designed to determine if spectacled bears (Tremarctos ornatus) confine their activities to habitat units of vegetation within broad habitat types.  Vegetation data were recorded in the Historical Sanctuary of Machu Picchu and adjacent valleys from 230 transects located in 143 regularly selected sites and in 87 sites that contained bear sign. Information on bear behavior was gathered from sign found at the 87 sites and in an additional 48 sites where vegetation studies along transects were not conducted.  The data were analyzed using TWINSPAN, a classification program, and DECORANA, an ordination program, to describe 9 habitat types, 6 of which were occupied by bears.
     Seven vegetative units located in 4 habitat types contained 83% of the sites where evidence of bear presence was found.  One such vegetative unit was found in both subalpine paramo (3,600-4,150 m) and rain paramo (3,400-4,000 m), 2 were found in steppe grasslands (3,050-3,650 m), and 3 were found in forests below 2,700 m.  These spectacled bear habitat components were characterized by bear food species with relative abundance values greater than 5.0% and no human or livestock presence. Although minimum area requirements are not known for spectacled bears, the results of this study suggest that the Sanctuary of Machu Picchu is too small to protect spectacled bears without the protection of adjacent habitat.

Pharris, Larry D. and Clark, Joseph D. Arkansas black bear hunter survey. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 373-375

Abstract: Questionnaires were mailed to black bear (Ursus americanus) hunters in Arkansas following the 1980-84 bear seasons to determine participation, hunter success, and number of bears observed by hunters.  Man-days of hunting to harvest a bear ranged from 148 to 671 and hunter success ranged from 0.4% to 2.2%.  With the exception of 1980, number of permits issued, man-days of bear hunting, and bears harvested appear affected by hunting permit cost.

Phillips, Michael K. Behavior and habitat use of grizzly bears in northeastern Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 159-167

Abstract: Habitat use and behavior of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) were studied in 3 areas of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, northeast Alaska, during 1982 and 1983.  Scanning for bears resulted in 386 and 388 h of behavioral and habitat use information.  Vegetation on 3,626 ha in the Caribou Pass-Kongakut River study area was mapped to Viereck-Dyrness (1980) level lV.  Grizzly Bears devoted most of their nonhibernation time to feeding and foraging.  Food habits and habitat use were influenced by the phenological development of herbaceous plants and berry-producing plants and availability of animal food items.

Powell, Roger A. Black bear home range overlap in North Carolina and the concept of home range applied to black bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 235-242

Abstract: Theoretical and empirical research indicates that territoriality is related to habitat productivity.  Female black bears (Ursus americanus) exhibit intrasexual territoriality in northern North America where habitat productivity is low.  However, telemetry studies show that adult female black bears in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, where productivity is higher, exhibit considerable home range overlap.  This overlap was quantified using an index that weighs home range overlap by the extent that 2 bears share parts of their home ranges.  Home range of adult females overlapped extensively during each year and season.  Females who reached sexual maturity established home ranges close to their mothers or took over their mothers' home ranges if their mothers had died.  The importance of sample size and statistical and biological independence of bear locations to home range analysis is unclear. 

Reynolds, Harry V. and Garner, Gerald W. Patterns of grizzly bear predation on caribou in northern Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 59-67

Abstract: We investigated grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) use of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) as carrion and prey in 3 areas: 2 areas were in or adjacent to the traditional calving grounds of large caribou herds, and 1 area that did not include caribou calving grounds.  The western Brooks Range study area was located in the mountains and foothills near the calving grounds of the Western Arctic Caribou Herd (est. 200,000 in 1985); the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge study area was in the coastal plain and foothills of the eastern Brooks Range in the calving grounds of the Porcupine Caribou Herd (est. 150,000 in 1985) and the Canning River study area was in the mountains and foothills of the eastern Brooks Range, 80 km southwest of the calving grounds of the Porcupine Herd.  Predation or scavenging was determined from direct observation, locating radio-collared bears feeding on caribou, and from blood on the muzzles of captured bears.  The Canning River bear population was distant from calving grounds, showed little use of caribou, and was characterized by low population density and productivity.  Caribou were used as carrion and prey by the 2 grizzly bear populations for which calving caribou were available.  Bear population density and productivity were higher when caribou were available, even though patterns of caribou use by bears differed between the 2 areas.  Near the calving grounds of the Western Arctic Herd, western Brooks Range grizzly bears stayed within their established seasonal home ranges and used caribou as the caribou migrated through their home ranges.  In contrast, on the Porcupine Herd calving grounds, some Arctic Refuge bears left seasonal home ranges in the mountains to take advantage of the caribou on the coastal plain, staying only as long as the calving caribou were available.  In addition, some bears that preyed on Porcupine Herd animals apparently traveled long distances following the path of migrating caribou to the calving grounds. No bears from the Canning River study area were observed to leave their home ranges to reach the calving grounds.  The proportion of caribou that were killed by bears vs. those that were scavenged was not determined.  Although most caribou killed by bears were calves, adults were also preyed upon.  Grizzly bears of all sex and age classes fed on caribou. 

Jamnicky, Blanka, Huber, Djuro, and Roth, Hans U. On serum chemistry of brown bears in Croatia, Yugoslavia. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 351-353

Abstract: Blood samples were taken from 8 free-living European brown bears (Ursus arctos) from Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia, Yugoslavia, and 4 captive European brown bears fron the Zagreb Zoological Park; zoo bears served as a control group.  Up to 13 serum chemistry parameters were measured from each sample.  Results revealed that the capture procedure provoked an increase of creatine kinase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and serum urea.  Creatine kinase was a very sensitive indicator of muscle damage.  Free-living bears exhibited higher total lipid concentrations than captive bears, probably due to a more diverse diet. 

Schoen, John W., Beier, Lavern R., Lentfer, Jack W., and Johnson, Loyal J. Denning ecology of brown bears on Admiralty and Chichagof Islands. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 293-304

Abstract: From fall 1981 through 1985, 58 radio-collared brown bears (Ursus arctos) were followed to winter dens on Admiralty and Chichagof islands in southeast Alaska.  One hundred twenty-one dens were located and their site characteristics described.  Mean dates of den entry and emergence, 30 October and 2 May, varied between sexes and amoung years.  Mean elevation and slope of 121 dens were 640 m and 35°, respectively. Dens were at higer elevations and on steeper slopes on Admiralty Island than on Chichagof Island.  Females denned on higher and steeper slopes than males.  Admiralty Island bears preferred subalpine and alpine/rock habitats and Chichagof Island bears preferred old-growth forest for denning.  On Admiralty, rock caves were the most frequent den type; on Chichagof, bears excavated dens most frequently under large-diameter Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) or in the bases of large snags.  Mine development on Admiralty Island may have caused bears to avoid certain denning areas.  Industrial scale logging may reduce brown bear denning habitat in this region.   Management recommendations for reducing the impact of human activity and resource development on denning brown bears are provided.

Schroeder, Mark T. Blood chemistry, hematology, and condition evaluation of black bears in northcoastal California . 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 333-349

Abstract: I used blood chemistry and hematology to evaluate the physical condition of black bears (Ursus americanus).  Analyses were performed on 70 blood samples taken from 55 live-captured black bears in the redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) region in northcoastal California.  Blood parameters analyzed included calcium, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, total bilirubin, direct biliruben, alkaline phosphatase, GGT, SGOT, SGPT, LDH, sodium potassium, chloride, ferrous, total globulins, WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MVC, MCH, and MCHC.  Bears captured in Aldrich foot-snares, chased up trees with trained dogs, or immobilized with sedative darts while free-roaming had significantly greater (P < 0.01) WBC and serum levels of uric acid, SGOT, SGPT, and LDH, and lower levels of inorganic phosphorus than bears captured in culvert traps.  Male bears had significantly (P < 0.01) less MCH than female bears.  Additional significantly different (P < 0.05) blood values between sexes suggest a differential stress response of females to immobilization and handling procedures.  Adult bears had significantly (P < 0.01) higher MCV, MCH, and serum levels of triglycerides and lower levels of alkaline phosphatase than subadults or cubs. Seasonal differences were observed for inorganic phosphorus, total protein, creatinine, total globulins, MCH, and MCHC.  These latter differences were probably a result of adult male capture bias in spring and subadult capture bias in fall.  Six indices of physical condition were developed. Each bear was assigned a condition evaluation index (CEI) value base on subjective assessment of body fat deposits, number and types of parasites, and pelage condition.  Five physical condition ratio (PCR) values were calculated by dividing body weight by each of 5 somatic measurements (total length, girth, height at shoulder, head circumference, and head length).  The CEI did not reflect physical condition as well as the PCR values.  The ratio body weight/total length (PCR-A) permitted objective physical condition comparisons between sex and age classes.  These comparisons suggest relationships between and within sex and age classes based on intraspecific competition for available resources.  Blood parameters significantly correlated (P < 0.005) with PCR-A (total protein, albumin, total globulins, triglyceride, glucose, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCH, and MCHC) may be used to monitor the nutritional status of black bear populations under a variety of conditions.    

Schwartz, Charles C., Miller, Sterling D., and Franzmann, Albert W. Denning ecology of three black bear populations in Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 281-291

Abstract: Between 1978 and 1985, denning ecology of the black bear (Ursus americanus) was studied in the Kenai Peninsula, the Susitna River basin, and Prince William Sound, Alaska.  All these populations are near the northern extension of their range.  In different years the mean number of days spent in dens varied from 189 to 233 days; the maximum time spent in a den by an individual bear was 247 days.  Timing of emergence in the spring and entrance in the fall appeared most related to time of year and secondly to weather, snow accumulation and melt, and food availability.  Bears in the more severe climate along the Susitna River entered dens almost 2 weeks earlier and emerged later than bears on the warmer Kenai Peninsula.  Chronology of denning differed among pregnant females and other sex and age groups, but overlap occurred with all age and sex groups.  Site selection, vegetation type, and den type (cave, tree, excavated) varied with area and was related to winter weather conditions (rain vs. snow), soil type (deep vs. shallow and rocky), and topography of the areas (mountains vs. flats).  Den morphometry was compared among areas.  Denning chronology was compared with that of other North American black bear populations and with current denning theory. 

Servheen, Christopher, Kasworm, Wayne, and Christensen, Alan. Approaches to augmenting grizzly bear populations in the Cabinet Mountains of Montana. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 363-367

Abstract: The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) in the Cabinet Mountains of Montana is threatened and the population may consist of as few as 15 individuals.  Survival of this semi-isolated population depends on innovative habitat and population management techniques.  Because potential for immigration into this population is low and the population is small, population augmentation is being considered.  Possible augmentation techniques include moving animals of selected age and sex from high-density areas into the area and cross-fostering captive-born grizzly bear cubs to selected black bear (U. americanus) females resident in the area.  Although the potential success of these efforts are not known, it is known that without such efforts, the survival of this population cannot be assured.

Swenson, Jon E., Kasworm, Wayne F., Stewart, Shawn T., Simmons, Claire A., and Aune, Keith. Interpopulation applicability of equations to predict live weight in black bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 359-362

Abstract: Body measurements and live weights were obtained from 3 black bear (Ursus americanus) populations in Montana.  Although high correlation coefficients were usually found between log10 of weight and log10 of chest girth and between weight and a body size index (total length times chest girth squared), the regressions were significantly heterogeneous (P < 0.05) between males and females and between the females of 1 population and the other 2 populations.  Interpopulation and sexual variations in the body proportions of black bears preclude the development of 1 accurate equation for the species or even for the populations found in Montana; however, both the intercepts and the exponents of the chest girth and the log10 weight-log10 chest girth equations were significantly correlated (P < 0.025) with the elevation of 8 study areas, suggesting that equations may be developed that are valid within elevational zones. 

Taylor, Mitchell, Bunnell, Fred, DeMaster, Douglas, Schweinsburg, Ray, and Smith, John. ANURSUS: A population analysis system for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) . 1987. International Conf. on Bear Res. and Manage. 7, 117-125

Abstract: ANURSUS estimates the mean and standard error of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) population parameters (i.e., cub survival rate, litter survival rate, subadult and adult survival rates, litter production rate, litter size, and mating and reproductive intervals) from age specific observations of litter size and family group status.  The parameterization for recruitment estimates is unconventional so that the 3-year reproduction cycle of polar bears may be correctly described. (Taylor et al. 1987).
     Previous estimates of annual polar bear cub survival rate considered only the loss of individual cubs; they did not consider abandonment of single cub litters or loss of entire litters.  We provide an estimation procedure that accommodates all sources of cub mortality for arctic polar bear populations.  Data required for the procedure include the female age structure; number of females with offspring; presence or absence of cubs-of-the-year, yearlings, or 2-year olds; and observed litter size.
     The average age of 1st reproduction may be calculated by weighting each age by its probability of 1st reproduction and determining the weighted average.  The probability of 1st reproduction at age x is determined from age specific litter production rates and the standing age distribution.  The average age is for all females in the population during the census period.
     The mean interval between producing litters (litter recruitment interval) and the mean interval between mating availability (mating interval) are different for polar bears.  The reciprocals of the 2 intervals, mean litter recruitment rate and mean mating rate, are useful to compare populations but should not be used for population projections. In addition to litter recruitment interval and mating interval, 2 measures of the expected number of litter recruitment events are also defined. 

Tsubota, Toshio, Takahashi, Yoshiyuki, and Kanagawa, Hiroshi. Changes in serum progesterone levels and growth of fetuses in Hokkaido brown bears. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 355-358

Abstract: Serum progesterone levels in 5 female Hokkaido brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis) were determined from April 1983 to April 1985.  Four females were mated with males, while the 5th female was segregated to serve as a control.  The growth of fetuses in 2 females was monitored by ultrasonography at 10-day intervals during December and January.  Serum progesterone levels increased from basal levels of 0.4-1.1 ng/ml on day -300 (300 days before parturition) to higher levels at approximately day -210.  The levels, which ranged from 1.6 to 5.4 ng/ml, were maintained until approximately day -60, when they sharply increased to 8.3-9.7 ng/ml.  The levels then dropped on day 0 and remained ot 0.4-0.5 ng/ml between day 30 and day 90.  Change in serum progesterone level in the unmated female was similar to that of the mated animals.  The images of fetuses in 2 bears were first observed on day -37 and day -33 when their crown-rump length was 1.5-2.0 cm.  Thereafter fetus growth was sigmoidal. The females carried 2 and 3 fetuses and had 1 and 3 cubs 1 month postpartum, respectively.

Warner, Susan H. Visitor impact on brown bears, Admiralty Island, Alaska. 1987. International Conf. Bear Res. and Manage.  7, 377-382

Abstract: Human disturbance of brown bears (Ursus arctos) was studied in the Pack Creek area of Admiralty Island in Southeast Alaska during the summers of 1983 and 1984.  The Pack Creek watershed has been closed to bear hunting since 1934, but use of the area by bear watchers and photographers is increasing.  Instantaneous scan sampling and focal animal sampling techniques were used to observe bears and visitors at a control area with negligible human activity and at the popular Pack Creek area.  Analysis of diel use of the 2 areas showed a crepuscular pattern for both the control and Pack Creek bears.  Bears that are conditioned to human food or highly habituated to visitors tended to use the Pack Creek area during the midday periods of high visitor use more than other bears.  Over 80% of the observations of Pack Creek bears were of female bears, suggesting that visitor use may differentially affect sexes. Bears that associated people with food showed levels of boldness that could lead to undesirable incidents.